Cells
The
smallest living unit
Two Basic
Types
l
Prokaryotes – before nucleus
n
Archae
n
Bacteria
n
Size
l
Eukaryotes – true nucleus
n
Much
variety
The
Prokaryote Cell
Prokaryotes External Structure
l
Glycocalyx
n
Capsule
n
Slime
layer
Prokaryotes External Structure
l
Flagella
- flagellin
n
Arrangement
l
Monotrichous, Amphitrichous, Lophotrichous, Peritrichous, Atrichous
n
Hook,
filament & basal body
n
Chemotaxis
n
Spirochetes endoflagella/axial filaments
Prokaryotes External Structure
l
Fimbriae
– gram negative bacteria
n
Biofilms
l
Pili
n
Conjugation
n
Attachment
Prokaryote – Cell wall
l
Porous
l
Outside
of cell membrane
l
Peptidoglycan (murein)
n
Large
Polymer
n
Tetrapeptide chain
n
Sugar
backbone: N-acetylmuramic acid & N-acetylglucosamine
n
Peptide
bond cross link
Types of
Cell Walls
l
Gram
positive
n
Thick
Peptidoglycan layer
n
Teichoic
and lipoteichoic acids
n
Acid Fast
– mycolic acids
l
Gram
negative
n
Lipopolysaccharides
l
Lipid A
endotoxin
n
Periplasmic space
l
Archael
Cell Walls
l
Lack of
cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
l
Fluid
Mosaic Model
n
Phospholipids
n
Proteins
l
Glycoproteins
n
Electrochemical gradient
l
Functions
Movement
across the membrane
l
Passive
n
Diffusion
l
Facilitated diffusion
l
Osmosis
n
Isotonic,
Hypotonic, Hypertonic
l
Active
n
Gates
–port, antiports, synports
l
Both
active & passive
n
Group
Translocation
Prokaryotes – internal features
l
Cytosol
l
Inclusions
l
Ribosome
l
Nucleoid
l
Cytoskeleton
l
Endospores
Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotes – external features
l
Glycocalyx
l
Flagella
– tubulin
n
Membrane
covered
l
Cilia
l
Cell
walls – cellulose & chitin
l
Cytoplasmic Membranes
n
Sterols
n
Endocytosis
l
Pseudopodia – phagocytosis
l
Pinocytosis
n
Exocytosis
Eukaryotes – internal features
l
Non-membranous organelles
n
Ribosomes
n
Cytoskeleton
l
Microfilaments
l
Intermediate filaments
l
Microtubules
n
Centrioles and centrosomes
Eukaryotes – internal features
l
Membranous organelles
n
Nucleus
l
Nucleolus
l
Nucleoplasm
l
Nuclear
envelope
l
Nuclear
pores
l
Chromatin
l
Chromosomes
l
Histones
n
Endoplasmic reticulum
l
Rough
l
Smooth
Eukaryotes – internal features
l
Membranous organelles
n
Golgi
body
l
Vesicles
l
Lysosomes
l
Vacuoles
l
Peroxisomes
n
Mitochondrion
l
Cristae
n
Chloroplast
l
Endosymbiotic theory