BONES

Goals:

1.         Be able to identify and name the structures of bone and cartilage tissue as listed below.

2.         Be able to identify and name the general parts of a long bone.

3.         Be able to identify all of the bones of the axial skeleton and their various markings.

a.       Be able to identify and name the 8 cranial bone, 14 facial bones, the cranial sutures, and the various projections, depressions and holes of the skull.

4.         Be able to identify all of the bones of the appendicular skeleton and their various markings.

a.       Be able to identify and name the bones of the pectoral girdle and their markings.

b.      Be able to identify and name the bones of the upper extremities and their markings.

c.       Be able to identify and name the bones of the pelvic girdle and their markings.

d.      Be able to identify and name the bones of the lower extremities and their markings.

Material:

Bone slide, Bone models, Fibrous cartilage slide, Sagittal section of cow bone, nose model, bone boxes, skulls, whole skeletons, & knee joint

Structures to Identify

5.         Tissue and Bone Structure - *Can be identified on bone slide and model

The skull

6.         Sutures – Coronal, Lambdoid, Squamous and sagittal

7.         Cranial fossa – anterior, middle, and posterior

8.         Cranial bones

a.       Frontal – Supraorbital margin, supraorbital notch (foramen), superciliary arch and frontal squama

b.      Parietal bones

c.       Temporal bones

d.      Occipital bone – foramen magnum,  occipital condyles, external occipital protruberence, condyloid fossa, hypoglossal canal.

e.       Sphenoid bone

f.       Ethmoid bone – air cells, cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, middle and superior nasal concha.

9.         Facial bones

a.       Nasal

b.      Vomer

c.       Maxillae – alveolar process, palatine process, incisive foramen, infraorbital foramen, inferior orbital fissure

d.      Zygomatic – temporal process

e.       Mandible

f.       Lacrimal – lacrimal groove

g.      Palatine – Horizontal plates, greater palatine foramen, lesser palatine foramina

h.      Inferior nasal concha

i.        Hyoid bone – greater horn, lesser horn, body

10.     Vertebrae

Unique features:

1. Cervical vertebrae - transverse foramen and costal process

1)      Atlas C1 – no body, two arches (anterior and posterior), lateral mass, and articular surface for dens.

2)      Axis C2 – Dens (odontoid process)

3)      C7 – vertebrae prominens

4)      C2 to C6 – Bifid spinous process

2. Thoracic vertebrae

1)      Facets on transverse process (except T11 and 12) and pedicle for rib attachment.

c.                               Lumbar vertebrae – thick spinous processes and large bodies, superior articular processes  directed medially.

4. Sacrum

5. Coccyx – coccygeal cornua and transverse process

11.     Sternum – manubrium, body, xiphoid process, sternal angle, suprasternal notch, clavicular notches.

12.     Ribs – costal angle & groove, head, and tubercle .

Appendicular Skeleton

13.     Clavicle – sternal extremity, acromial extremity, costal tuberosity and conoid tubercle.

14.     Scapula

15.     Humerus

16.     Radius – Head, neck, ulnar notch, radial tuberosity,  and styloid process.

17.     Ulna – Olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, ulnar tuberosity, styloid process, and head.

18.     Carpal bones – Proximal (medial to lateral): pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid

                              Distal (medial to lateral): hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

19.     Metacarpals – 1 through 5: base, shaft and head

20.     Proximal, middle and distal phalanges (only proximal and distal for the pollex).  Base, shaft and head.

21.     Coxal bones

22.     Femur

23.     Patella – Base, apex and articular facets.

24.     Tibia – Medial & lateral condyle, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, anterior border, medial malleolus and fibular notch.

25.     Fibula – Head, lateral malleolus.

26.     Tarsal bones – Calcaneus, navicular, talus, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform

27.     Metatarsals – 1 through 5.  Base, shaft, head.

28.     Phalanges of the foot – see hand

Articulations

29.     Knee joint: Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament, lateral meniscus, medial meniscus

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