Introduction
All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Structure, therefore, determines function.
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy) is defined as structures that can not be seen without magnification.
Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used.
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Cytology
Histology
Microscopic Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye.
Surface anatomy
refers to the general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings.Regional anatomy considers all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep.
Systemic anatomy is the study of anatomy one organ system at a time.
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Embryology:
first two months of developmentComparative anatomy
Medical anatomy: anatomical changes during disease
Radiographic anatomy: noninvasive imaging procedures
Surgical anatomy: anatomical landmarks important to surgical procedures
Levels of Organization
Chemicals
12+ elements in the body
Four of them make up 99% of the body.
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
Major classes of compounds:
Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
Cells are the smallest living units of the levels of organization.
Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material.
Organs are combinations of tissues.
Organs combine to form organ systems.
The human is composed of 11 organ systems.
Levels of Organization
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.
Anabolism: bonding chemicals together
Catabolism: breaking of bonds
Absorption
is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.
Excretion is the removal of wastes.
Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.
The Language of Anatomy
Superficial anatomy: anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures.
Anatomical landmarks:
Anatomical position
: standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight aheadSupine: lying down with the face up
Prone: lying down with the face down
Anatomical Regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Anatomical Directions
Sectional Anatomy
Body Cavities
Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in the ventral body cavity.
The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity.
The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two-layer membrane system called serous membranes.
Body Cavities