Exam 4 Study Objectives 2008

Chapter 19

· Define homeostasis

· Discuss feedback systems and how they function;

· Recognize the hierarchical organization of the animal body, and characterize each level (cell, tissue, etc);

· Differentiate among the four types of tissue, and recognize examples of each;

· Recognize the structure and functions of animal organ systems;

· Match the organ systems with their major structures and physiological roles;

Chapter 20

· Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems;

· List the functions of the circulatory system;

· Name the major structures of the human heart, and trace the flow of blood from the body, through the heart and lungs, and out to the body again;

· Recognize how the heart contracts;

· List the major components of blood, and give their functions;

· Distinguish among arteries, veins, and capillaries;

· Recognize the major structures and functions of the lymphatic system;

· Recognize the major structures of the vertebrate respiratory system and explain their functions;

· Explain how air is moved between the lungs and environment;

Chapter 24

· List the four parts of a neuron, and explain the function of each part;

· Diagram a synapse, and say how signals are transmitted across them;

· Explain how drugs may change the nervous system to produce addiction;

· Explain how nerve cells produce and transmit signals;

· Recognize the organization of the human nervous system;

Chapter 27

· Define: population, community, ecosystem, ecology;

· Recognize how populations may be distributed in space;

· Recognize the factors that influence population size changes (births, death, etc);

· Solve simple mark-recapture or proportional sampling problems;

· Explain biotic potential and environmental resistance, and how they interact to produce the carrying capacity;

· Recognize the shapes of exponential and logistic growth curves; and explain what they tell us about population growth;

· Differentiate between density-dependent and density independent limits to growth, and give an example of each;

· Recognize the age structure diagrams associated with growing, stable, and shrinking populations, and what they imply for future growth;

· Characterize the human population growth curve, and say why the curve has that particular shape;

Chapter 28

· Discuss how community structure is determined and why it is important;

· Recognize the types of interactions between organisms (competition, predation, coevolution, etc.);

· Discuss the various ways organisms attempt to avoid predation (camouflage, warning coloration, etc);

· Define niche, and distinguish between fundamental and realized niches;

· State the competitive exclusion principle;

· Say how competition between species may lead to partitioning of resources;

· Define succession;

· Distinguish between primary and secondary succession;

Chapter 29

· Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem, and give an example of each;

· Distinguish between the flows of energy and nutrients in an ecosystem;

· Discuss why there is a pyramid of energy availability (rule of 10);

· Recognize the structure of food webs;

· Recognize the hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (major reservoirs, how they enter and leave systems);

· Discuss the causes and consequences of acid precipitation;

· Discuss the causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect;

· Discuss the causes and consequences of ozone depletion;

· Define and recognize examples of biomagnification;

Cumulative exam questions will be taken from the written portion of previous exams, so study these.

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