Exam 1 Study Objectives 2008

Ch 1

· Define biology;

· List the characteristics of living things and provide an example of each;

· List the steps of the scientific method;

· Apply the operations of the scientific method;

· Distinguish a scientific theory from other kinds of theories and from a hypothesis;

· Recognize the order of categories of increasing complexity from cell to community;

· Recognize the domains and kingdoms given a description of the characteristics of organisms in each;

Ch 2

· Define matter, energy, element, atom, and molecule;

· Describe the particles that make up an atom (name, charge, location);

· Explain what atomic number and atomic mass mean;

· Find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons if given atomic number, mass number, and charge.

· Define ion and isotope;

· Differentiate between ionic, polar and non-polar covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds;

· Explain the important properties that result from water's structure;

· Explain what pH measures;

· Interpret the pH scale;

· Explain what buffers do;

· Differentiate between organic and inorganic molecules,

· List the four major types of biological macromolecules and be able to give examples of each (what type are enzymes, for example);

· List some functions of carbohydrates;

· List some functions of lipids;

· Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated lipids;

· List some functions of proteins;

· Explain what determines a protein’s primary structure;

· Recognize the four levels of protein structure;

· List the three main components of a nucleotide;

· Explain how molecules are linked to form macromolecules (dehydration synthesis), and broken apart (hydrolysis);

Ch 3

· Describe the structure of a phospholipid;

· List the major types of molecules that make up the cell membrane;

· Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure;

· Explain the function of membrane transport proteins;

· Distinguish between active and passive transport;

· Explain what diffusion is and what it requires;

· Explain what osmosis is and what it requires;

· Tell what happens when you put a cell in a hypotonic (or hypotonic or isotonic) solution in terms of water flow;

· Explain what endocytosis and exocytosis are;

Ch 4

· Discuss the importance of microscopy in the development of cell theory;

· List the three principles of cell theory;

· Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;

· Distinguish between plant and animal cells in terms of structures present;

· Recognize diagrams of all the structures inside a cell and state their functions;

· Recognize the substructure of complex organelles, e.g. chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus;

· Say what parts of the cell constitute the cytomembrane system, and how they work together;

· Describe the structure and functions of the cytoskeletal system;

· Recognize cell wall function and in what type of organism cell walls are found;

Ch 5

· Summarize the laws that govern energy transformations;

· State the law of entropy;

· Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions;

· Identify the two types of molecules whereby energy reactions are coupled;

· Define enzyme, and state the properties of enzymes;

· Explain how enzymes work to reduce activation energy, especially why their structure is important;

· Recognize how the structure of enzymes is affected by temperature and pH;

Ch 6

· Write the equation for the overall chemical reaction of photosynthesis;

· Tell where photosynthesis occurs;

· Tell how the reactants for and products of photosynthesis are obtained and where they end up;

· Explain what happens in the light-dependent reactions, and where these reactions occur;

· Tell what a photosystem is;

· List some of the pigments involved in photosynthesis, and tell how these can be distinguished;

· Tell what happens in the light-independent reactions, and where these reactions occur;

· Explain what photorespiration is, and how it impacts carbon fixation;

· Distinguish between the three pathways for making glucose: C₃, C₄, and CAM;

Ch 7

· Explain why glycolysis and/or cellular respiration are necessary;

· Tell what happens to the energy stored in glucose molecules;

· Explain what happens in glycolysis, where it takes place, and give examples of organisms that use it;

· Discuss why fermentation follows glycolysis in yeast;

· Explain the Krebs cycle in terms of reactants and products, and tell where it takes place;

· Tell what chemiosmosis is, where it takes place, and how it works;

· Tell how the reactants for and products of aerobic respiration are obtained and disposed of;

· Distinguish between glycolysis and cellular respiration in terms of number of ATP produced (energy extracted);

· Write the equation for complete glucose metabolism, and relate it to the equation for photosynthesis;

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