What  is Geography?

 = the scientific study of the physical and biotic features of our Earth.... describing the locations and characteristics of Earth’s living and non-living elements.

geographers travel the world, observe, write about what they see, and draw pictures = maps

geographers also search for the meanings and consequences of distributions

Six Essential Elements of Geography  

          1) World in spatial terms

          2) Places and regions

          3) Physical systems

          4) Human systems

          5) Environment and society

          6) Uses of geography

Hemispheres...      northern and southern      western and eastern

Parallels of Latitude.... tropic of Cancer 23.5 N   Capricorn 23.5 S  

  Equator        Horse latitudes   arctic and antarctic circles   

Meridians of Longitude...Prime Meridian     0 deg    Greenwich, England,

International date line =180 deg W = in ocean east of Australia and New Guinea

Maps = graphic representations of spatial and numerical relationships

Scale How big do you make your map?  City vs world maps

Projection     Where is middle?, what features are large or small, in our out?, distortion

Symbolization         What data are we mapping?

          Dot  map = more dots = more things

          Cartogram = greater content  accorded  more size

Choropleth = different colors indicate different concentrations or important features

          Relief = different colors for different altitudes

Regions

 = areal zones of relatively  homogenous characteristics.... due to 1) physical systems and environments that are the result of long-term geologic processes or biotic activity   2) people are often the most important defining element in determining a ‘region’ i.e. the ‘cultural landscape’

1) Oceania             Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia

                   Australia and New Zealand

  2) South Asia                   India and surrounding countries

  3) S E  Asia           Viet Nam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, etc

  4) East Asia

        the Chinas  = Mainland China, the Colonies, Taiwan, Singapore, 

        and Japan and Korea(s)

    5) Russia and the former USSR  incl E Europe

    6) Western Europe   states traditionally aligned with capitalism and colonialism

    7) Middle East        N Africa, ‘the Arab world’ and ‘the world of the Bible’

    8) Sub-Saharan Africa     what we think of as ‘Africa’, mainland 

    9) Mexico and Latin America   based on ‘common’ human history and Spanish language.

   10) U.S.A. and Canada what the text calls ‘Anglo-America’ taken over by

                W Europeans from 1500's to 1850

remember that all regions must be cultural and physical mosaics

Demography = the categorical description of a population - draw some profiles

G I S discuss at length

Globalization          what is it?

Resources = economically useful elements of our environment

Weather = temporary climatic conditions hot, cold, precip, storms and winds

Climate = long-term , general climatic conditions   ex: tropical, arid, highland

Rain shadow                    Front

Temperature... why? differential solar insolation,,  land  vs  water (or other material)

   day and night,,   convection,,    seasons,,

           discuss Earth.s tilt 23.5 deg       Midnight Sun

Autumnal and vernal equinoxes   ~Sep 21 and ~Mar 21

Winter and summer solstices       ~Dec 21 and ~June 21

 Winds... why?   

Biomes of Note

Tropical Forest

Tundra

Coniferous Forest                     

Deciduous Forest

Desert

Savanna

Scrub or Chaparral

Mediterranean climate

Second law of thermodynamics = entropy

          Trophic levels       90% of energy lost per trophic level

Plate tectonics     Pangea,  India, Madagascar

          sea floor spreading today    magnetic reversals

 Biodiversity            number of different species present

Species richness    sizes of populations present

Levels of Human Cultural Organization

1) Foraging  (hunter-gatherers) all humans before ~ 10kya, very few today

2) Horticulture        home gardens to supplement and stabilize family food supplies

3) Pastoralism        use of animals as economic resource, food, labor, products

4) Agriculture         intensive growing of large staple crops, surpluses, trade goods

5) Industrialism       mechanized production and machine labor

6) Information        knowledge and services becoming primary economic factors

Extensive vs Intensive land and resource use

Carrying capacity   cows and grass,   people and land fills, valley water

Agricultural Revolution    12 kya to 5 kya

          Mesopotamia and Egypt... Middle East and N Africa    Uruk (Iran)

          Indus...N W India   Mohenjo-Daro

          China....along east coast  Zhengzhou

          Mediterranean    Minos, Mycenae, Greece, Rome

          Americas     5,000 BC to 1200 AD

                   Olmec, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, Moche, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, Inca

          population booms, accumulated ‘wealth’, trade, wars,   colonization

Industrial Revolution      since ~ 1800   Europe

Information Revolution     since mid 1900's   led or dominated by U.S.

Green Revolution = attempt to introduce ‘advanced’ western agriculture and its benefits into other cultures,     generally hasn’t worked for the native peoples,           Mono-cropping or ‘cash’ cropping

MDC....LDC....NIC....GDP or  GNP      look at table 2.1   pp 42     discuss money map pp 40-1

note that >½ world’s people < $400 / year    75% < $1200 / year   2/3 have never used a telephone

World Systems Theory  ~ dependency theory   ~ economic colonialism

+First World = resource users    MDC’s        

+Second World = NIC’s

+Third World = resource providers, LDC’s     

+Fourth World = culture groups within larger political entities

International debt - multinationals and World Bank-IMF, structural  readjustment

read pp 44 perspective =  backlash of globalization

loss of forests, arable land, dwindling of ~ all resources

Overpopulation -people-consumption-

N.Amer 4% use 26%,’north’ 25% use 75%

Oct 1999   six billion people

Malthus

Lifeboat mentality - Hardin - donor fatigue

migration - to MDC’s and cities

birth rates N / S -  Why?

34,000 children die each day from malnutrition and disease

Greenhouse effect - more than 70% of world’s people live near oceans or seas or along rivers near sea level

Kyoto protocol - reduce release of gases into environment

ozone hole - CFC’s

Sustainable development = increasing equitable economic growth that can go on indefinitely.

OCEANIA

tropical and sub-tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean

          Melanesia (black islands)

          Micronesia (small islands)

          Polynesia (many islands)

    ++  Australia and New Zealand

5,000 cultures speaking 3,000 languages on over 1,500 occupied islands

          Continental Islands - 2 historic types

1) old travelers = Australia (70 mya) & Madagascar (40 mya) from Indian plate

2) continent-associated = Japan, Taiwan, Channel Islands (<10 mya)

          Volcanic Islands - eg Tahiti, Hawaiian Islands, N.Z., Galapagos

Coral atolls - both continental and volcanic

High and Low islands - why?  differences?

plate tectonics and island formation - Hawaiian chain

                   Sunda (Asian) & Sahel (Australian & Antarctican)

Last 100 my normally separated by >100 miles of ocean, during ice ages as close as 36 miles.  significance =? except for people & some birds and insects, have very different biota,

large human pops. crossed 53 kya and 33 kya,  homo erectus in Sunda even earlier - Java man 

Island travel by humans1) long distance expeditions - accidents (Madagascar) - Aust 40 kya ship

2) island hopping - walking OR sailing - learned currents & winds - most islands are either visibly large or chains - sea birds - green sky - ‘canoes’ > 100' long could carry 600

3) Ice ages and land bridges - oceans +/- 150 m - ‘rolling’ islands

Human History

earliest island occupants came from S.E. Asia  via Malay Peninsula

   Java > 100 kya    Austr + parts of  Melanesia > 40 kya    New Guinea 30-25 kya

rest of Melanesia & Micronesia from Taiwan beginning > 10 kya

Polynesian islands all originally settled by Tongans > 3500 ya

Tongan king still regarded by most Polynesians as king of Polynesia, trace ruling lineage back,         Liluokalani

8 kya Indian influence along coasts of larger islands, became dominant on some small islands, brought agric & pastoralism - new boat ideas - Lapita pottery

Europeans 1500 - 1800

Geography of Oceania

Rainfall = deluge to desert - Kauai 600" / yr - Kahoolawe in Maui rain shadow

          10-25" /yr

sea level to 15,000 feet, >100^o F to freezing

Monsoon areas (W Pacific) = huge seasonal summer rains - warm wet ocean winds - periodically ‘dump’ - on land (eg India) may hit cold air mass and REALLY dump - Naked Maja,  Rains of Ranchipoor,

discuss how life moves among islands and theory of island biogeography Krakatao, Galapagos, Darwin finches and Hawaiian honey creepers

Species : farther from Asia = fewer species (why) - island endemics (why) -

coasts : coconuts & sedge grasses & mangroves - brackish survivors

inland : plants with small hard seeds or airborne seeds

plants adapted to salt conditions not also adapted to land or mountain travel

small life always arrives first - rafting - genetic uniformity or plasticity - simple requirements

Malaria and filariasis - ‘recent’ -  why?

Exotic species  - kudzu, Chinese black crab, nutria, West Nile virus, AIDS

Customs & Beliefs

from "Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands" by Douglas Oliver

          Baegu of Malaita Island - females are ‘polluting’ - divide territory into tribal kin units called fera - each household was called a luma - male bisi (personal houses) were off limits to females - the tribal elder had a special bisi which women must always stay away from -" Women as well had houses of their own, in isolated and hidden places: one for giving birth and one for residence during menstruation and preparation for childbirth."  When women and men slept in the same luma, but the females slept at the downhill end of the luma, furthest from the exit - Males slept at the uphill end (near the exit) of the luma because they believed that the women’s pollution tended to run downhill.  A luma or bisi was never built downhill from another luma.

          Tahitians believed that sex and everything about it was good for you.

People of Trobriands and Yap did not believe that sex was connected to pregnancy!

most islanders eschew wealth - might kill someone for becoming too ‘rich’ -

matrilineal cultures - 5000 cultures = lots of different belief systems

Australia & New Zealand

Aust. 20 million pop. - N.Z. 4 million pop.

first permanent British colony est. 1878 Sydney Harbor  - penal colony!  - half of current white population traces roots back to prisoners or guards - ~all Australian and N.Z. whites are of British stock - Aust aborigines ignored British (why) - coastal Tiwi traded with British right away, mostly exchanged women and fresh water for iron knives and cloth - N.Z. Maori drove off English several times (how & why) - both countries now do more business with U.S. and Pacific rim countries than with England - increasing Asian population - Aborigine activism

Aust and NZ have been in about the same place for > 70 million years - little recent volcanic activity - land is old - native species are from old stock, many endemic - large # of marsupial mammals in Aust & NZ  very few in rest of world - (why) - monotreme - platypus and echidna (spiny anteater) , placentals

distinct insect and reptile types - unique plants -

Four zones of Australia

1) Humid Eastern Highlands - east winds bring rain most of year

          Tasmania a volcanic ‘bubble’ off SE Australia

2) Northern Tropical Savannas - the summer ‘wet’ in Nov-Dec-Jan, occasional spring & fall rains - ~drought from May to October

3) Mediterranean South Coast - ‘winter’ rains & ‘summer’ droughts - like California but cooler

4) Dry Interior - the bush - the outback - rain-shadowed by Eastern Highlands, almost no N / S wind movements over Australia to bring rain, too far inland to benefit from occasional summer westerlies - desert and steppe - traditional and still home of Aborigines

          dream-time - self sufficiency

Products

1) sheep - mutton & wool - lead the world

2) wheat - growing intensive agriculture - still low yield / acre

3) Dairy products - growing & appropriate industry

4) Sugar cane - tariff on imported sugar keeps it going

5) Minerals, wide variety but no vast deposits

Sydney, near capital of Canberra, is largest city ~ 4 mill

5 largest cities are seaports

Great Barrier Reef - 1200 miles long - largest coral reef in world

New Zealand

Surface younger than Australia - vulcanism up to 15 kya - in path of easterly & westerly Pacific winds so it rains frequently - average temperature summer 65 deg winter 45 deg - North Island is mountainous, South Island  is even more mountainous (Southern Alps) - tourists come to see wild & natural New Zealand but 85% of forests are gone or built over

products = sheep & cattle - native Maori now have been largely assimilated.

South Asia

India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Pakistan, Bangladesh (E.Pak.), Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet

> 70% of population is still rural = 900 million!! - megacities

Culture hearth for half the world - Indus and Ganges river systems - birthplace of ‘western’ civilizations

creators of written language - pictographs, glyphs, alphabet

accounting - algebra and other critical math concepts -  

S. Asia is affected by summer monsoons driven by high evaporation rates and differences in land and ocean atmos. energies + no significant coastal ranges

This is an old area of civilization - enormous cultural diversity (why?) - almost every example of human behavior can be found here - cultural palimpsest - Dravidians, Aryans, Mongols, Arab Moguls, Afghans, Turks, British -

diversity = problems , religious fundamentalists, 15 ‘official’ languages of India - Islamization of governments, CNN special on Taliban of Afghanistan, - extremists in Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, Phillippines, etc. - strength comes from diversity, not in maintaining it

India

~ a billion people on a million square miles (=1000/per) - Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountains include tallest in world = Everest and K2 - still rising - most massive mountain range on earth - hot in south , desert or tropical - cool in north and seasonal - extensive alluvial plains below mountain ranges - per capita = $380 / yr - was British colony until 1947 - Hinduism - castes - recent mass migrations from overused or overpopulated subsistence lands to cities (a father’s lands are divided among his sons when he dies or they marry - problem?) - maybe get an industrial job? - Calcutta’s street people - status of women - sati and dowry death -

economic outlook mixed - products = rice, tea, bananas, sugar cane, tobacco, jute, textiles, steel, electronics, chemicals

Pakistan

~ 150 million people - per cap $480 / yr - Islam - economic outlook bleak, mostly due to religious leaders’ resistance to modernization and family planning - Benazir Bhutto - deforestation - conflict over dealing with ‘Christian’ west - conflict with Indian Buddhists - threat of nuclear war with India = ‘Holy Fire’ - products = opium, cotton

Bangladesh

~140 million people on land area ~ Wisconsin = 2,000 people / sq mile - U.S. 26 people / sq mile - per cap $260 / yr - 85% Islam and some Hinduism - once a rich country - fabled Bengali princes and maharajas - produced fine silk and cotton cloth - stable agricultural base - then : British forced growing of cotton on farm lands - closed Bengal textile mills - 1947 ‘independence’ left few Bengalis who still had money out in the cold - 1971 separated from W. Pakistan - recent history = floods, erosion, famines, internal conflicts over few remaining resources >> total economic collapse - millions dead of starvation and disease - economic outlook is not good - ruined lands cannot support population - some aid from India and western groups - some attempts to enter 21^st century - only significant remaining resource is cheap labor - products = jute, rice, sugarcane, tobacco, teak wood

Bhutan

~1.5 million people - per cap $ 390 / yr - mountain country - Buddhist king - many recent Hindu immigrants - Hindu / Buddhist conflicts escalating - tourism not encouraged - don’t want to be and not likely to be affected externally - small pastoral nation 

Nepal

~25 million people - per cap $210 / yr - Hinduism and some Buddhism - mountain country - agrarian economy -population growing too fast - most dollar income is from tourism = discourages insurrection - some mining

Sri Lanka ( Ceylon)

~20 million people - per cap $740 / yr - Buddhism and (Tamils) Hinduism - historically a satellite of India - then Portuguese and Dutch - then a British colony until 1948 - still economically tied to India - near the equator = satellites and space missions - cash cropping of rubber, coconuts, and tea - Tamil minority presently in conflict with government -

Tibet

~2 ½ million people - another 4 million ‘Tibetans’ in neighboring states - per cap $280 / yr - Buddhism and communism - avg alt 15,000 feet - Dalai Lama - 1953 reabsorbed into mainland China

EXAM 2 NOTES

Southeast Asia

Includes Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Thailand (Siam), Cambodia, Malaysia, Brunei,

Viet Nam (Indochine), Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines.

Except for central Myanmar (rain dumps nearer to coasts) , all of SE Asia gets plenty of rain- there is no winter (snow) - truly tropical + ‘monsoon’ Asia, tropical forests and alluvial marsh plains-

Discuss colonial influence - map pp 287

Religions- Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism - Indian based religions -

            Buddhism - life of service, asceticism, enlightenment

Hinduism - earn a better status in next life through piety and good works,         eventually escape the wheel of reincarnation and attain Nirvana

            Jainism - respect for all life forms, unity of nature

Confucianism and Taoism - Chinese based religions, social religions, advancement of family and social unit and respect for/as ancestor

Islam, Judaism and Christianity - Mid Eastern religions - concept of one afterlife

Islam - ~ "Old Testament" with Mohammed as the significant prophet of Allah - Quran as most sacred text

            Judaism - ~Old Testament religion, Christ only another prophet

Christianity - Old and New Testaments with Jesus as the living son of God and the Messiah or savior of mankind

Animism - things have ‘souls’                                 

Animatism - ~ghosts or spirits

Shintoism - Japanese variant on Buddhism and Confucianism

pp 292-293

SE Asia has an extremely diverse geography - coast lands - inlands - hundreds of occupied islands - hundreds of un-occupied islands - hundreds of cultural and religious groups -

Culture hearths 1) coastal exploring ‘civilization’  (Malay pirates)

            2) Mekong Delta

Total land area < ½ of continental U.S. - ~600 million people - 115/sq mile -

poor, old soils in most places - discuss leeching - nutrients are in the biomass - clearing forests for plantation agriculture removes those nutrients - deforestation also leads to increased flooding, rapid erosion 

Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ = earthquakes, continued vulcanism, e.g. Krakatao and  Mt. Pinatubo

explain how tectonic movement has pulled away from Australian and Antarctic plates - Mariana Trench (W of Guam) and Java Trench (W of Malaysia)

Typhoons -(ocean hurricanes) - East and West monsoonal storms - tsunamis -

Still: since WW II SE Asian population has increased by > 60% - agriculture has kept pace with population growth in most cases except in Laos and Cambodia where people suffer under repressive governments with attendant violence - and Viet Nam (until recently) where collectivized agriculture failed as it always must  - village ‘family’ coops working

All of SE Asia is developing economically, but at very different rates and in very different  ways - per cap overall still < $400

ASEAN = Assn of SE Asian Nations - formed in 1967 to minimize dependence on US and USSR - like Common Market - European Union - began with Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines - now includes Viet Nam, Myanmar, and Laos - now realigning with (mainly) U.S. due to security concerns over Japan and China

Shift Cultivation - (slash & burn) -explain - avg 15 years of fallow to recover -

Sedentary agriculture

Horticulture

Family and village oriented farms = rural

Fishing

Plantations - cash crops - demands by West in 19^th and 20^th cents brought cash to SE Asia - population increase - what might happen?

Products : rice, rubber, tea, palm oil, coconut oil, copra

read @ rubber pp 322

read pp 323 circled area

large areas of marshland - compare to Everglades

Burma (Myanmar) - 50 million pop - $650 per cap - capital Rangoon - joined ASEAN 1997 - Buddhism - Military fascist regime ~ nationalist socialist -  beginning to move toward capitalism - Iriwaddy Delta - central dry zone unique to SE Asia - location of ‘Golden Triangle ‘ = world’s leading source of opium (Afghanistan #2) - religious and ethnic and political conflicts continue - Aung San Suu Kyi

Viet Nam (Indochine) - 80 million pop - $300 per cap - capital Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) - joined ASEAN 1995 - Buddhism and Confucianism - strong sense of family responsibility and loyalty - prev.  N and S , N capital was Hanoi - pp 328 discuss Viet Nam ‘conflict’ - moving toward capitalism - still largely family and community agriculture - discuss ‘boat people’ - discuss repatriation - tourism

Thailand (Siam) - 60 million pop - $3,000 per cap - Chao Praya River -

capital = Bangkok - Buddhist - severe pollution and AIDS - military ‘democracy’ - King of Siam played British against French to avoid being taken over by either - products = tourism and prostitution ($30 billion / yr) - read pp 326

Laos - 6 million pop - $400 per cap - capital Vientiane - joined ASEAN 1997 -

Buddhism - Hmong ethnics - mountainous and land-locked - Vietnamese backed Pathet Lao took over country in 1975 - 85% peasant farmers - limit industrial development to limit contact with western capitalists!

Cambodia - 11 million pop - $300 per cap - joined ASEAN 1999 - capital =

Phnom Penh - Buddhism - Khmer ethnics - consists of flat lands west of Mekong River - occupied or at war for last 150 years - France, other Asian countries, involved in war with U.S. - Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge governed 1975-1980, still active - 1979 Vietnamese occupation - 1991 restoration of ‘democracy’ - 1997 Hun Sen of Khmer Rouge overthrew govt - 1998 ‘free’ elections - still much political turmoil

                        Malaysia - 25 million pop - $4,500 per cap - capital = Kuala Lumpur - withdrew from ‘global free market’ concept - realized they were being exploited - IMF condemns Malaysia for failure to participate in the development of SE Asia - products = tin, rubber, oil, electronics, refrigerators!

                        Singapore - 4 million pop - $30,000 per cap - a ‘city-country’ - 80% Chinese - Buddhism & Confucianism but mostly Capitalism! - a world leader in banking - SGX - a world shipping center - strictly a business-oriented city

Brunei - 300,000 pop - $16,000 per cap - Sultan of Brunei - a ‘county-country’

            major oil producer - OPEC member

                        Indonesia - 210 million people (mostly on Java) - 2,000 / sq mile - rest of Indonesia 120 / sq mile - $1,100 per cap - capital = Jakarta - Muslim -

go to pp 332 for rest of SE Asia

Philippines - pop 80 mill, per cap $1200, ~ 20 major culture groups incl. Tagalog, Ilocano, Visayan, Baguay, Europeans,, languages = English and Tagalog, English is most widely taught language of the world, the language of business and technology, required in high schools all over the world (Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Sweden, Iceland, Switzerland, most of Africa, PRC, Russia, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, etc.) , almost impossible to get an advanced college degree without English, religions = Catholicism with a few Muslim groups on southern islands and very small Hindu groups, capital = Manila, 250 years of Spanish occupation, long association with USA since 1901 Spanish American War, independent after WWII, people still quite enamored with US culture (movies, music, clothing styles, etc.), many Philippinos in USA, esp California, cool people!

CHINA(S)

1) Mainland China - PRC -a billion people, $750 per cap, 3^rd largest total world economy, still 70% rural, cottage industries, dispersed, millions of small family or village plots, terrace agriculture,  capital is Beijing, religion = none?, first  city/civilization was Zhengzhou is still there, monsoonal east coast to ~400 mi inland, dry interior (including Gobi Desert in and near Mongolia) except for river valleys and oases, majority population is ethnic ‘Han’, Great Wall actually does divide N & S China, sort of like N & S  USA,   SE coastal area known for karst landscape, Dr. Miller-Antonio and the Homo erectus sites, pp344 silk route and cultural diffusion, pp 343 Yellow River floods, compare to Mississippi, pp 346 Yangtze & 3 gorges dam,  communist since 1949 revolution against Emperor state, adapted Russian industrial & agricultural development models and became competitive with USSR ~ 1960,   pp 350 Cultural Revolution and Red Guards under Mao Tse Tung,  pp 351  ‘reforms’ since 1978, map pp 354 where are the people?  Why?  can a billion widely dispersed people communicate and interact?  can a single government control them? 

1976 began one-child policy (per couple), FREE birth control, sterilization, abortion, prenatal care and birthing, pediatric care, education for a single child, one extra months pay per year, ALL LOST if you have a second child, also may be fined or forced to have an abortion, problems?? sex-selective abortion, girl-baby orphans, only one child to support aging parents (son) since daughter belongs to husbands family

2) Taiwan - ROC -21 million, $14,000 per cap (15 times PRC), capital is Taipei, religion = Buddhism and Confucianism and ~5% Christian, eastern mountain range, western plains, nearby volcanoes, earthquakes, storms,,, capitalist republican government, started (1949) by 2 million Chinese nationalists (mostly soldiers) led by Chiang Kai Shek fleeing communist forces, crossed to Taiwan and took over, industrial and information age, educated skilled work force,  Like Japan need to import materials and energy, ex: buy lumber from British Columbia, scrap from USA

3) Mongolia - ~2 ½ million, $400 per cap, capital is Ulan Bator, religion Confucianism and communism, contact and commerce with USSR, separated form Chinese empire 1924 to form independent communist state, more allied to USSR than to rest of China, 1990 became first Asian nation to renounce communism and hold free elections leading to a free market economy based on capitalist models, traditionally pastoral, but great mineral wealth and fossil resources

4) Manchuria - ~ 4 million, NE ‘arm’ of mainland China, long assn with USSR, contact with Japan, Korea, other Asian nations and the west, highly developed industrially, was part of industrial revolution before it was part of communist revolution

5) Hong Kong - 6 million, $26,000 per cap, an island city, still business center of continental Asia

6) Macau - 500,000 pop, $14,000 per cap, Portuguese possession until 1999, banking, shopping (fashion and eastern arts), hotels and resorts and gambling

7) Tibet - absorbed by PRC in 1950's, 2 million, capital was Lhasa, source of Yangtze River

8) Singapore - 4 million $30,000 per cap, 85% ethnic ‘Han’ Chinese

Japan &  Koreas

Japan - first occupied by northern ‘Mongol’ peoples ~ 3,000 BC, pop 130 million, largely urbanized, per cap $40,000 (2^nd largest world economy) barely, 4 major islands = Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and dozens of smaller ones, most are occupied, capital is Tokyo (on Honshu), Tokyo one of world’s largest cities, religions: officially Shinto, but many others, Japan is the product of vulcanism AND tectonic pressures, generally mountainous, southern islands are tropical to temperate, northern islands have short summers and long wet winters, susceptible to tsunamis, frequent (weekly) earthquakes,  volcanic eruptions 2-3 times per century, Japan has chosen not to cut down its forests, 76% remain, largest % forested land among MDC’s,  have been deforesting Timor, SE Asia, Philippines, and western Canada  instead !, Japan lacks adequate natural resources of all kinds, must import virtually all industrial raw materials and fuels, Japan has always had a ‘warrior’ culture, always has wanted to expand and control or acquire nearby resources (Manchuria, Korea),  major world center for ind. mfg., (exs?), 1950's and 60's turned U.S. scrap metal into new machines and appliances and automobiles, (‘made in Japan’),   corporate ‘family’ concept, Japan has highest food yield per acre in world, terrace rice farming and large agribusiness projects, staple diet is rice and fish (and whales !), changing to a more ‘red meat’ western diet,

Kobi beef, ocean has been an important factor throughout Japanese history, WWII Pearl Harbor, alignment with Germany, U.S. devastated Japan’s infrastructure, 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan still forbidden by treaty to re-arm, relies on U.S. for protection from Mainland China,  THE leader of Asian Tigers, U.S. policy to help rebuild Japan after WWII gave U.S. a ‘presence’ in East Asia, manufacture of military supplies, air and naval bases, Korean ‘police action’,   Japan is information age nation, services and banking , overseas investments, 1980's Japan’s stock market had the highest capital value in the world, bigger than NYSE, average Japanese household has ? $100,000 in savings and liquid investments, however 2^nd largest bank went bankrupt in year 2000, largest bank currently under duress structural readjustment after WWII led to huge industrial & financial growth, megacities, pollution (Hg) and sacrifice of amenities (up) (infrastructure if  it supports economy), Japanese gardens, Bonsai trees, Koi

Korean peninsula - near Russia, PRC, Manchuria and Japan - mountainous, tectonic activity, where are the mountains? why?  monsoonal rains but not too strong, why? - history of occupations and external conflicts has led to a unity of Korean people - 1945 Japan lost hold on Korea, after which USSR ‘protected’ N of 38^th parallel and USA ‘protected’ S of 38^th parallel - each protector helped to set up a national gov’t for the new free Korea, but not the same one! - 1950 N invaded S, N Korean troops (+Russian advisors) were driven back nearly to Manchuria by UN and S Korean troops (+American advisors), PRC troops joined N and drove back S to below 38^th parallel, finally 38^th parallel became DMZ - one people divided into two nation states - families divided - the unity of the Korean people, they still see this as another temporary episode  in their long history of occupation and conflict - 37,000 U.S. troops still stationed in S Korea , N Korean troops patrol their side of DMZ, PRC has some troops based in N Korea - difficult for S Koreans to visit North, impossible for N Koreans to visit South, only diplomatic phone lines cross border, no mail service, radios monitored in North...

North Korea - pop 22 million, per cap $800, capital is Pyongyang, religions = none = Buddhism, 1953 ‘won’  by communists, Korean ‘police action’ divided country along 38^th parallel (DMZ), independent communist state partially supported by PRC, heavily dependent on sea for protein (fish), ~ no business or contact with West - 26% of economy spent on defense  - hot summers and long cold winters - more mineral resources and hydro power opportunities than South BUT communist development plans are poor - 1996 forced by economic desperation to reopen Rajin-Sonbong free trade district to foreign businessmen, but whole area is surrounded by barbed wire and patrolled by troops ! ~ 8 X 35 miles ! - attempts to urbanize using communist models has mostly led to fragmented populations and transients - this perpetuation of a failed economic model must eventually stop - series of floods and droughts since 1995 has led to famine that killed 10% of North’s population, finally accepted aid from S Korea and the West - but communist gov’t is strong, military is everywhere - focus of educational system remains on Marxist-Stalinist history and ideals.

South Korea - pop 48 million - $10,000 per cap - capital = Seoul - religion = Buddhist,  also large numbers of Christians and Confucians - Republic of Korea, ROK - economy tied to U.S. and Japan - 3-1/2 % spent on defense - sub-tropical with mild to cold  winters - South now leads North in all areas of development = agriculture, industry, information, etc. - capitalism works - exports electronics, autos, appliances, clothing, shoes, steel, many small goods (heche en Korea) - education a priority (not so much for girls ! - Kim’s story) - majority of population urbanized - #3 Asian tiger behind , who?

Russia & former USSR

area pop 300 million - Russia pop 150 million - per cap varies $300 to $6000 - religion is Russian Orthodox, some Islam in south - a ‘mis-developed’ region - 1917 communist revolution until 1991 collapse - satellite states (SSR’s) and allied Marxist states (Poland, Slovakia, Romania) - 1946-1991 Cold War - now CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States , sort of - ethnic, religious and nationalistic tensions and conflicts - varying alignments with other nations - SSR’s were Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova ( Moldavia), Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.   28 major ethnicities - 85 languages or dialects - form Europe to Pacific and from near N Pole to S Asia - could a single (and repressive) gov’t control > 300 million people indefinitely?  No. 

Moscow - why is it where it is?

1) river access to Arctic Ocean + Black Sea -> Mediterranean Sea -> Atlantic Ocean

            2) reasonable climate and rainfall

            3) proximity to other European capitals and commerce

USSR developed cross country canals and highways and railroads - largest armed forces in history - four times as many nuclear weapons as USA - very large dams that actually do control flooding, and produce lots of hydroelectric power - western Siberian Plain still floods significantly every spring, but nobody cares because nobody wants to go there anyway - freezing temperatures (to 90 below zero) 9 months per year - permafrost tundra - winds often above 80 mph

History of serial empires - Slavs, Rus, Persians, Arabs, Turks (culturally), Tatars, Mongols -

15^th century establishment of W European connection - Catherine the Great - Tsar Nicholas II

- 1917 Bolshevik communist revolution - 1991 fall of communism and introduction of parliamentary democracy - 15^th thru 20^th century expanded political and territorial influence - 1800's actually had outposts in California ! - Stalin 1924-1953, Iron General - killed more people than WWII - until 1980's didn’t get much better - then Gorbachev and Yeltsin -

Economic blunders -

            1) top-down  party-line policies

            2) manufacturing by ‘mass’

            3) Lysenko and Lamarck

            4) worker apathy and lack of voice

            5) over-commitment to military at home and abroad

pp 182 - resistance to and failure of collectivized agriculture

Industrialization Russian style = build BIG industrial centers and factories using ‘volunteer’ labor, ‘draft’ people to work there (mention gender equity) - obliterate any opposition - NOW free market policies, most Russians not good at it, those that are corral all the money - rich and poor - gangsters, Russian Mafia - underground economy (barter) - corruption (foreign aid, investments, loans ?)

Ukraine - borders Europe and Black Sea - 50 million pop - highly industrialized - capital is Kiev - nearby is Chernobyl (?) -

1995 elections in Czechoslovakia, the #1 political issue was (?) environment

EXAM 3 NOTES

Europe

Europe has a 2000 year history of principalities, nations and empires.  Has always experienced two-way cultural diffusion, primarily via seaports and rivers.  Fortresses, castles, walls, roads, aqueducts - many since before Roman times.  Built by (?) serfs ~ slaves.  Since Dark Ages, Europe (and recently U.S.) has led the world in science and technology, capitalist economic concepts, colonial exploitation, higher education, lexicons.   Map pp 62. 

Europe ‘proper’. = countries west of Russia and Turkey.  Eastern Europe blends with ‘near abroad’.  Europe slightly smaller than continental U.S. - @ 400 million people, depending on where you draw the eastern lines.  History of shifting borders continues today - former Yugoslavia - principalities, nations, empires.   Four largest countries (pop) are U.K., France, Germany, Italy.  Europe is the capstone of western civilization.  98% Christian.  Maps pp64, 65. 

Climates

Most of Europe is north of Tropic of Cancer - generally warmer than similar latitudes due to Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift - ports remain ice-free year round, even Murmansk along Barents Sea north coast of Russia - Discuss clockwise ocean currents and strength of Gulf Stream - note that pp 68 says ‘winds’ = error - European weather winds come off of generally warmer waters = potential for rains - most air moisture reaches mountains before dumping, but lowlands still average @ 30 inches per year - This is ideal for almost all types of agriculture, i.e. constant water supply from either rain or mountain river runoff throughout Europe all year every year - there are no dserts in Europe.       Northern European Plain and Paris Basin have been continuosly developed for agriculture since before 3000 BC - loess - last Ice Age left @ 13,000 ya - glaciers - map pp 71 for climates today - note Mediterranean climate zones -

                        Marine west coast climate = corresponds to Atlantic conditions - grasses and small trees and shrubs

                        Humid continental climate = warmer summers and cooler winters - continentality - major forests

Mediterranean climate = dry summers and wet winters - subject to droughts - so - drought resistant trees and chaparral plants

                        Subarctic and Tundra climates = cool summers and biter winters - conifers, tundra and short grasses - cold-adapted ruminants (reindeer) - poor agriculture = few people.

Highland and Ice Cap climates = cool base-lands and glaciers on mountains

Europe has rivers and streams everywhere. 

river system = a river and its tributaries

river basin = entire area drained by a river system

source = source

mouth = where river empties into sea or ocean

estuary = blended aquatic environment near mouth, often marshy (NY)

delta = low (but often extensive) land built up by river sedimentation near mouth (ex Nile, Sacramento)

Rivers have long been used for water supplies, transportation, and sewage !

dams - canals for irrigation and transport - locks since 1300's - railroads ended canal building for transportation purposes.

Seaports of importance developed wherever navigable rivers ran into oceans or seas ( London, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Hamburg, New Orleans) -

River access has been a source of contention for 100's of years - rivers often form borders today (ex. Kansas and Missouri) - agricultural cities developed along them, later industrial cities followed -

from 1500's until 1960's European populations boomed - today nearly all European countries have declining populations (excluding immigration) - Europe is no longer self-sufficient agriculturally - must import = tariffs - subsidies.  Fishing is important  (where ?) - near ocean !  - also Nordic countries (why ?) = can’t grow many crops.

pp 75 Languages - two major language families are Romance and Germanic  Romance (Roman = Latin) from the south from 200 BC-500 AD - Roman Empire followed by Holy Roman Empire - still taught in many high schools and most colleges

Germanic from the north ~500 AD - English is a Germanic language - but...

Eastern Europe is a mixture of languages and dialects, many not Indo-European, languages of all kinds were carried into Europe at different times over last 2000 years, but none Far-Eastern - 

Religions - pp 77

1500's - 1900's Europe colonized the world - ‘sun never sets on British Empire’ missionaries, naturalists, military, traders -

‘discovery’ and consequences -

Capitalism was well-established in Europe by 1300's

Europe has been the technological leader of world since 1400's

Post industrial = Information Age economy = robots and computers do manual labor - workers only get paid well for ‘information’

Europe  (esp. east) has serious pollution problems - land - water - air - acid rain

Immigrants and ‘guest workers’ no longer needed or welcome

Urban migration in Europe as well - megacities

Common Market and the E.U.

Geographic history - how did Europe come to lead (rule)  the world?

Educational Revolution - Renaissance - dawn of science and scientific method

Industrial Revolution - coal and iron - steam engine - manufacturing’s constant drive for better technologies - railroads - colonial quest for trade > resources

pp103 - Industrial shift and balance of trade

pp 103-4 - Information Age questions

1962 immigration from Pakistan to England - now 20% of Birmingham’s population - 50% of K-12 school population - ?? - even though non-white immigrants make less money - many unemployed - educ/intel/child rate

Britain famous for dairies - breeding - <2% of pop work 1/4 of Britains land area - half is feed grains for cattle and dairy cows = Britain imports 60% of its food for people - mad cow disease

EU and Britain still at odds over agricultural prices and subsidies

Irish Catholic workers and tenants history of rebellion against English bosses and landlords - picture of Ireland pp 107 = Emerald Isle

European farmers facing same problems as other industrializing nation’s farmers - maybe worse (like USA) with farms coalescing, jobs down, youth going to the ‘big city’, aging family ownership, competition

Basque of western Pyrenees - unique culture and language bordering Spain and France

Primate city = THE city that dominates all other social units of a country

Europe and tourism

Coalition vs devolution

Marshall Plan

pp 123 profile of migrants to Europe - where from? - Why?

graying of Europe

European countries democratic but socialist - Italy’s social services problem

shatter belts = constantly moving ‘national’ borders in areas of contention

pp 156 - economic restructuring of eastern Europe (former USSR)+satellites

The British Isles

England - cool but temperate - why? - Gulf Stream - rolling plains - meadows and small forests - steep shorelines - inlets and bays and estuaries - all of Britain is within 75 miles of the ocean - year-long rain and fog - except for coal and North Sea oil has few natural resources - energy from burning coal, oil and natural gas, some nuclear - no hydro power - why? - languages are English, Welsh and Gaelic - Industrial Revolution began here - many major cities and industries - still many villages - castles that people still live in - island but still invaded several times - Romans around  0 AD - Vikings thru @ 1300's - 1700's England conquered the world - 1900's empire ~ gone - constitutional monarchy - queen (or king) can veto a piece of legislation , but none have since 1723 - actually a democracy - house of commons creates legislation - house of lords can delay or add input but can’t stop it - prime minister can and does veto bills - since 1950's significant immigration from ‘commonwealth’ countries to English cities = unemployment, closing of labor intensive industries, shift to suburban or rural areas, tech replacing manufacturing - so since 1960's England has regularly reduced immigration quotas - now only want ‘brain drain’ people - drive on left side of the road - traditional simple meat and potatoes diet now being replaced by both ‘healthier’ diet AND fast food chains - gardens and mazes - soccer and cricket - Church of England - only 5% Catholic - rest protestant - high schools public and private,  technical<> college prep - universities are world renowned - e.g. Clinton at Oxford - museums and libraries of the world - GDP is 2/3 service , but still much industry, steel exporter, planes, automobiles, farm equipment - next to US is largest publisher of books - still has largest merchant marine in the world

Ireland - capital = Dublin - N Ireland city of Belfast is actually control center of Ireland, economic hub - warm wet and green - Emerald Isle - more than half of land is farm land

1840's potato blight => migration to US thru 1900's - Anglo Americans are 1)English  -

2) German - 3) Irish  - 4) Italian - central lowlands - coastal broken ring of mountains - rugged coasts with inlets, bays and estuaries - slightly warmer than England with rainfall mostly in the west - rivers and lakes like England but more so - why? - parliamentary democratic government - 26 counties - emigration a problem until 1950's - many Irish people speak Gaelic as a second language - why? - 95% Roman Catholic - meat and potatoes, corned beef and cabbage - nearly all high schools are church schools - like in England these are either trade or college prep - 4 major universities - talk about study abroad programs - horses and racing, nearly 100 race tracks - riverdance - very few mineral resources - farm land IS their main resource - replanting forests - agric & services , tourism, some industry - one car per 4 adult drivers - 1534 conquest by England = trouble ever since - 1600's English executed Catholic priests and banned Catholic religion = now only 95% Catholics in Ireland !! - IRA - N Ireland and Belfast

Scotland - capital = Glasgow - land of moors and lochs and highlands - mountains and valleys - fertile central lowlands - cooler and drier than England - inlets, bays, estuaries and islands - has been governed by British parliament from death of Mary Queen of Scots (1587) until today - no real desire for independence since 1700's - recent vote for independence lost by a wide margin  - last 40 years shift from industry to information and service - energy from North Sea oil, coal, and 30% hydro-power - Scotch whiskey - note Scotch vs Scots - public comprehensive high schools - 12 major universities - golf - soccer - 95% Protestant

Middle East

ADVANCE \d 25Book defines as from Morocco to Afghanistan - OK - map 224 -

countries are bordered by seas, oceans, mountains, nearly all contain deserts -  tropical to sub-tropical - warm to hot, and dry

drought-adapted animals - camel water and two temps

pastoralism => trade => capitalism  -  Silk Route

where are the people ? - along rivers and coasts

two of world's largest deserts are Sahara and Arabian

steppes and mountains of Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan

some areas of M E have significant winter rainfall - area pictures pp 228  First domestication of wheat, sheep and goats, cattle, pigs - took place in  Fertile Crescent - pp 230 -

culture hearths = Tigris & Euphrates (Mesopotamia) - 8000 ya civilizations

Nile (Egypt) - 6000 ya civilization

early achievements in language (writing), mathematics, astronomy, other sciences

Suez Canal from Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea to Indian Ocean - Turkey was home of Ottoman Empire until 1918 - no more - Constantinople was one of three capitals of Roman Catholicism

Middle East lacks natural resources (except oil) - obsolete infrastructure - ex: Morocco = outside of major cities have village wells, IF there is electricity and IF there is a phone line and an electric source they may have a community computer - maybe only one village telephone = make appointments to use it

Why is Middle East of any significance in the larger world today ? - 1) oil - more than half of world's reserves are there, except for oil, there are no resources of international interest - 2) base of Islamic fundamentalist movements - 3) Israel

not enough metals to create any manufacturing industry - where people are concentrated enough to supply a worker base 90% are poorly educated, 60% are illiterate - Kuwait story - but.. 80% of total Mid East population

lives on <$800 per year -

ADVANCE \d 25cultures - Islamic and Christian - 26 significant languages and dialects - ethnic Turks, Berbers, Arabs, Kurds, Jews, Pashtun, Uzbek, Egyptian, Saudi, etc..

and French, Italian (Tunisian)(Claudia Cardinale), British, Assyrian -

pp232-233 Five pillars of Islam - Sunni and Shiite

pp234 urbanites / villagers / pastoral nomads -

Israel and Palestine = "the Promised Land" - "the Holy Land" - Canaan Israel and Palestine today - 4000-2000 BC Israelites lived there - 2000 BC moved to Egypt for food - 1200 BC back in Palestine - 1000 BC `Kingdom of Israel'- 800 BC split into Israel and Judah - 586 BC Babylonians expelled Jews to Mesopotamia - 520 BC returned to Israel - constantly invaded until - 200 AD = diaspora - 1930-1957 = Zionist movement - UN re-established states of Israel and Palestine = trouble - Jews migrated to the new Israel

from all over the world - brought money and connections - reformed agriculture - built industries - now active in international trade and service industries - resorts - tourism (esp. Jewish pilgrims) - Five wars between Israel and Arab states since 1948 - numerous treaties, but continued violence -

pp244 water issues - water wars

Palestine - Yasser Arafat leader from 1962 to date - Palestinians claim that their ancestors have lived there since 4000 BC too - Jews left, so it belongs to them - Golan Heights (Syria and Lebanon) - West Bank (Jordan and Palestine) -  Holy Sites,   but whose holy sites?

pp 249 religious map of Lebanon    

Nile valley = from Ethiopia to Sudan to Egypt to Mediterranean Sea - third longest river in the world - 1= Amazon - 2= Mississippi - 3= Nile - flows to North - Nile delta = richly silted flood plain - most areas are still allowed to flood - some now have levees and canals -> parasitic diseases - Aswan Dam regulates water flow -

Egypt famous for cotton - also grows many other crops - population has recently outgrown this vast food supply - tourism was big until 1997 when Islamic radicals machine-gunned 85 European and American tourists at some temple ruins - so - ?

Sudan - British general Montgomery said, "Only fools go into the Sudan." long history of internal conflicts - tribal > religious > recent civil wars - rampant parasitic and bacterial diseases - poisonous plants and animals - killer heat waves - can't drink the water - 1989 Islamic general Omar AI­Bashir overthrew the elected government - country now identified as a `terrorist state' - virtually no advanced infrastructure - as soon as someone builds something someone else takes it or blows it up !

Libya - Qadaffi -'terrorist state' - western oil companies 1960's to date = millions of dollars - so - still tolerated - oil workers ? targets - no alcohol - no entertainment - no women = high pay! -

Persian Gulf oil - oil discovered 1938 = African theater of WWII

goes to Japan and Europe (allies of USA) some to USA

western companies developed oil industry but after 1972 many `governments' nationalized them - OPEC

                   Yemen and Oman ='happy Arabia' - large rainfall, temperate climate for area - large potentially arable lands but much not used -

          family villages 1000's of years old -

Iraq   - Saddam Hussein - expansionist ideas

Iran - 1979 deposing of Shah and takeover by Ayatollah Khomeini -

Shah was a US `puppet' ? - supported westernization, development, personal freedoms - all ended with ‘Islamization’

Turkey - Ottoman Empire partitioned after WW I - ultimately reduced in size  subsequent leaders have struggled mightily to prevent fundamentalists form gaining political influence

Turkey doesn't have a desert ! - 1/3 arable land and in use

so there is poverty but there is hope

population increase is a problem, especially in Istanbul area

growing industrial base - sporadic infrastructure building

only Mid East member of NATO

Afghanistan  and Iraq

Final Notes