Chapter 18: The Arthropods
General Characteristics of Arthropoda
The Classification of arthropods (subphyla and classes as covered in class -
see classification sheet handed out in class)
Why are arthropods successful?
What are trilobites?
What are the differences between chelicerate and mandibulate arthropods?
What are the differences between aquatic and terrestrial mandibulates?
Chapter 19: Aquatic Mandibulates
General characteristics of crustaceans
General function of structures emphasized in class
The concept of paired and biramous appendages and how they have been modified
from the ancestral form to perform specialized functions
The main systems covered in class such as digestive, respiratory, circulatory,
excretory, and reproductive
The compound eye in structure and function
Generalized life cycle with emphasis on the egg, nauplius larva, and adult stage
Ecdysis and its control by hormones from the X- and Y- organs
A basic survey of the crustacea including the Branchiopoda, Maxillipoda (ostracods,
copepods, and cirripedia) and Malacostraca.
The difference between amphipods, isopods, and decapods
Chapter 20: Terrestrial Mandibulates
The main classes such as Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Insecta and examples of
each
Different locomotion strategies with emphasis on flight including the explanation
of how different insects fly
The significance of the modifications of mouth parts in the different insects
(butterflies, fleas, mosquitos .etc.) and understanding of the basic mouthparts
of a grasshopper
The main systems of insects including digestive, respiratory, excretory, and
sense organs
The reproductive cycle of insects including the significance of complete and
incomplete metamorphosis
The significance of social behavior and the important types of insects which
practice this strategy
The interaction of insects with humans in terms of "good" and "harmful"
insects.
Know which phyla are included in the lesser protostomes and why these phyla have been grouped together just after the arthropods.
Know what the common name is for each of the phyla (example: Echiura = "spoonworms", etc.)
Know brief life history or interesting factos of each phyla as presented in lecture or what you were asked to learn.
Understand the phylogenetic relationship of these phyla.
Understand what characteristics have grouped these phyla together.
Know what a lophophore is and how it is used.
Know what phyla are included in this group.
Know what type of organism is found in each phyla.
Be able to briefly describe general characteristics and niche of the organisms found in each of theae phyla.
Chapter 22: Echinoderms and Hemichordates
Characteristics and contributions of the Ecnindodermata
Understand the structures and systems that were discussed in class.
Know some of the unique terms such as pedicellaria, water vascular system, madreporite,
tube feet, etc.
Understand the significance of the bipinnaria larva and echinoderm development
in terms of their symmetry and position as deuterostomes.
Know the differences between the classes of echinoderms.
Understand how echinoderm characteristics have limited them in their adaptive
radiation.
Understand where these phyla fit in relation to the chordates.
Know the characteristics of a Chaetognath and what do we commonly call one of
these.
How does a chaetognath feed?
Know what a Hemichordate is and what are some important strucutures.
Understand how the acorn worm was mistaken for an early chordate in regards
to a mistaken notochord. What structure was mistaken for the notochord?
What characteristics does the acorn worm have that are precursors of the chordate
plan?
Chapter 23: Chordates
What are the biological contributions of chordates?
Know four primary characteristics and how each structure functions.
Understand the ancestry and evolution of the chordates.
What echinoderm has some early chordate characteristics?
Know the cycles and structures of Urochordates and Cephalochordates.
What adaptations have guided vertebrate evolution?
Know the primary characteristics of vertebrates.
What evidence is there for a vertebrate ancestor?
What is the Garstang's Hypothesis and how does it relate to the life cycle of
Urochordates? What is a paedomorphic vertebrate ancestor?
What is the ammocoetes larva and how does it show more advanved vertebrate structures
than Branchiostoma ("Amphioxus", the cephalochordate).
What are the early vertebrate ostracoderms?
How did jaws evolve?
What were the earliest jawed fishes and which one probably lead to the evolution
of modern fishes and tetrapods?
What are the modern jawless fishes?