Understand the levels of organization in organismal
complexity (Table 9.1)
Understand what metazoa is and what it includes.
Understand how body size and complexity of an organism is related. What are some general rules?
Understand what is meant by extracellular components. What are they and where are they found?
Know the different general types of tissues and their characteristics. What are the specific types of tissues, what general tissue types do they fall under, and what examples of each are there? Where are these tissues found in the body of the organism and what do they do?
Understand the different types of body symmetry and give examples of each.
Understand directional terms to locate structures on yourself or another organism. Understand the planes and how they divide the body into directional terms.
Know the difference between acoelomate, psuedocoelomate, and eucoelomate and what group of organisms is associated with each. How does an enterocoelom differ from a schizocoelom in development?
Who is Linnaeus and what contributions did he bring to taxonomy?
What is binomial nomenclature and how do you properly use it?
What is a genus? What is a species epithet?
Understand the major Taxonomic Categories in order from largest to smallest (from Kingdom to species).
Compare and contrast the following terms:
- Phylogeny
- Characters
- Homology
- Ancestral and derived characters
- Outgroup and outgroup comparison (when and why do
we use this?)
- Clades
- Cladogram
- Synapomorphy
- Phylogenetic tree
Understand how these studies help to provide sources of
phylogenetic information:
- Comparative morphology
- Comparative biochemistry
- Comparative cytology
Understand the two main theories of taxonomy in how
they are similar and how they differ:
- Traditional evolutionary taxonomy
- Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
Understand how these ancestral/descendant relationships
are used in the above theories:
- Monophyletic
- Paraphyletic
- Poly phyletic
Understand what a "sister group" is and how
it is used.
General Terms and names
Ray
Aristotle
Linnaeus
Cladistic systematics
Adaptive zone
Symapomorphy
Cladogram
Branch
Grade
Understand where the protozoa stand in terms of general classification. What does the protozoa include taxonomically?
Understand the general characteristics that set protozoa apart from other groups. What are some important characteristics shown by the protozoa?
Know the organelles and other structures associated with a protozoan cell and how these parts function.
Understand how protozoans conduct the following procedures: osmoregulation, excretion, nutrition (what are the different types), reproduction (sexual and asexual processes).
What is encystment? How is it accompolished? What is it used for?
Understand what organisms make up the phylum Sarcomastigophora and how this is further divided into Sarcodina and Mastigophora.
What are phytoflagellates and what are some of the more important ones economically?
Know the structures of Euglena and Volvox and how those structures are used. What is the difference between Volvox and Euglena? Know the life cycle of Volvox.
What are some important zooflagellates and what are important considerations of the ones covered in class such as: Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Giardia.
What are some important Sarcodines to know such as: Amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica, Foraminiferans, and radiolarians.
Know the important structures of Amoeba and understand how it moves.
Know what Entamoeba histolytica causes in terms of disease.
Understand the characteristics of the Phylum Apicomplexa and know the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the malarial parasite.
Understand the characteristics of the phylum Ciliophora. Know the examples that were discussed in lab and lecture. Especially know the structures and processes associated with Paramecium.
What is fission and conjugation?
Understand the general phylogeny of the protozoans and it is difficult to taxonomically work with such a large and varied group of organisms.
Understand the biological contributions of this level of organism.
Understand the three theories associated with the origin of the metazoa (multicellular organisms). Which theory is presently favored and why?
Know the life history and anatomy of a mesozoan as discussed in lecture.
Understand the body forms, canal systems, types of cells, building materials, and classification of the three classes of sponges discussed in lab and lecture.
Be able to trace a drop of water generally through a sponge.
Understand the reproductive strategies in sponges including sexual and asexual.
Understand the development of a typical syncon sponge including these terms: blastula, inversion, amphiblastula, gastrula.
Have the sponges given rise to any other groups? Where might you find the different types of sponges and how have they adapted to their habitat?
Understand the Biological Contributions and unique charactreristics of the Radiate animals.
Know the general characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria.
What are important structures and body forms discussed in the phylum?
Know what a nematocyst, cnidocyte, and cnidocil is and how they function. What are the different types of nematocysts and what are they used for?
What is a planula larva and how does it fit into the life cycle of Cnidarians.
Know the form and function of polyps and medusae. How do these forms relate somewhat to reproduction and general way of life of the Cnidarians.
Understand what a nerve net is.
How does a polyp such as Hydra feed? What is a gastrovascular cavity? What cells are associated with the gvc?
The the four classes of Cnidarians and examples of each. What characteristics make each class different from one another? What major body forms are seen in each class?
Know how a Hydra locomotes and reproduces.
Understand the life cycle of Obelia and its colonial habit.
Know the structure of a jellyfish such as Aurelia and its life cycle with all stages.
How can you tell the difference between a hydrozoan and schyphozoan medusa?
What is a Portuguese-man-of-war?
Know the major examples of the Anthozoans.
Know the structure and functions of those structures in a sea anemone. What body form is a sea anemone?
Know what coral is and how it is formed. What are the general types of coral polyps and how do they differ in the type of coral they produce.
What are some types of coral reefs and how are they formed?
What are some symbiotic relationships between fish and sea anemones and algae and corals?
Understand the similarities and differences between the Phylum Ctenophora and Phylum Cnidaria.
Know the general structures and the function of those structures which are commonly found on a typical comb jelly as presented in lecture discussion.
Understand the phylogenetic relationship of the Cnidarians
and Ctenophorans and what is considered a common ancestor of both?