1. Understand where Zoology fits in science. What is the definition of Biology,
Botany, and Zoology?
2. Be able to list and define the General Properties of Living Systems.
3. Understand the different hierarchical levels of biological complexity starting
with atoms and ending with the biosphere.
4. Understand the physical laws of Thermodynamics. What is entropy?
5. Understand what science is and how it is done. What are the essential characteristics
of science?
6. Understand what the scientific method is and how it is used. What is the
hypothetico-deductive method? What are the general steps of the scientific method?
What is the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law?
7. What is the difference between experimental and evolutionary science? How
is each conducted and what types of science are each most appropriately used
(physiological v. s. evolutionary)? Where would you find a control? What is
a control and how is it used?
8. Understand who Darwin was and what influence he had on scientific thought.
What are the five theories of evolution and what does each mean? Can you give
examples of each?
9. What is neo-Darwinism and what is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?
How has this idea helped scientists to understand evolution (what was a weak
point in Darwin’s understanding of evolution)?
This chapter is a basic chemistry for biology review. What we did in lecture
was primarily review the four organic compounds with these considerations:
1. What elements and in what ratio makes each organic compound?
2. What is the function of each different organic compound?
3. What is the basic building block (monomer) of each organic compound?
4. What are some examples of organic compounds?
1. Understand how the terms cell was coined and how the cell theory was developed.
Who are these people? Robert Hooke, Mathias Schleiden, and Theodore Schwann?
2. What is the cell theory?
3. Understand what tools are used to study cells. How does each of the following
differ in their function(s): compound light microscope, dissecting scope, transmission
electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope.
4. What is cytology?
5. Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. What are the major components (organelles) of eukaryotic cells as covered
in lecture? Where are these organelles found in the cell? What is the function
of the different organelles?
7. What is the difference between cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, and amoeboid
movement?
8. What are cell junctions (tight, desmosomes, gap)? Where are they found (what
organs/cells)? What is the specific function of each?
9. Understand what the cell cycle is, what happens in each stage, and how mitosis
fits into this cycle.
10. Know the characteristics of each stage of mitosis.
11. Understand the general purpose and pattern of mitosis.
12. Understand terms used to describe chromosomes in mitosis such as centromere
and kinetochore. What are centrioles? What are asters? What is the spindle and
what is it used for? What are microtubules and how to they participate in mitosis?
13. What is apoptosis and what is its purpose?
1. Understand the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Understand what is meant by haploid and diploid and what part they play in
meiosis.
3. What is meiosis used for and why do organisms opt for sexual reproduction
even though it is a very expensive proposition?
4. Understand the different modes of asexual reproduction including binary fission,
sporogony, budding, gemmulation, and fragmentation. What types of organisms
utilize each of the above modes?
5. Understand the modes of sexual reproduction including bisexual reproduction,
hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. What types of organisms utilize each?
What is fertilization? What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious?
Which one is the same as hemaphrodite? What is a zygote?
6. Understand the difference between somatic and germ cells.
7. Understand how sex is determined and how male and female organs are produced
based on sex determination.
8. Know the process of gametogenesis for both sperm and eggs and be able to
name cell of each stage of division in spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
9. What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
10. What is yolk and how is it used?
11. What is the difference between oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous?
What types of organisms have each?
12. What are the primary and accessory organs of invertebrate and vertebrate
males and females? Be able to trace sperm and/or eggs through the reproductive
system of either male or female.
13. What is the duct system of a vertebrate male from seminiferous tubules to
the urethra?
14. What is the duct system of a female from oviduct to vagina?
15. Where do we see a seminal receptacle?
16. What are the three accessory glands of a vertebrate male?
17. How does testosterone affect male characteristics?
18. What does estrogen do in the female?
19. What is the difference between muliparous and uniparous births? What is
the difference between identical and fraternal twins? How is each produced?
1. Understand the concept of a primary organizer and where is it located in
early development?
2. What is the difference between preformation and epigenesis?
3. Understand how fertilization takes place in terms of what part the sperm
and the egg plays in the process. What prevents more than one sperm to enter
and fertilize an egg?
4. Understand the stages of development from fertilization and the production
of a zygote to gastrulation and neurulation. What are blastomeres?
5. How does yolk affect the pattern of cleavage?
6. Understand each pattern of cleavage and give an example of each (isolecithal,
mesolecithal, telolecithal, and centrolecithal).
7. What is the difference between indirect and indirect development and how
does the amount of yolk influence each of these? Which one has metamorphosis?
8. Understand how cleavage is affected by different inherited patterns and is
characteristic of different phylogenetic lineages.
9. Understand the four major patterns of cleavage demonstrated by isolecithal
eggs such as radial, spiral, bilateral and rotational – especially know
what types of organisms show radial and spiral cleavage.
10. How does gastrulation take place in a sea star, a frog, a chick, and a human?
What is discoidal cleavage and in what organisms does it occur?
11. Understand how the three germ tissues are produced by gastrulation and what
each of these layers becomes. What is the difference between diploblastic and
triploblastic?
12. What is an archenteron? What is a blastocoel?
13. How does gastrulation differ between protosomes and deuterostomes?
14. What is the primitive streak and what is its function? What organism has
a primitive streak in their development?
15. What are two methods of producing a coelom (schizocoelous and enterocoelous)?
What types of organisms have schizocoelous and what types have enterocoelous
coelom development? What is the difference between an acoelomate, pseudocoelomate,
and eucoelomate organism?
16. What is the significance of the blastopore lip and the gray crescent in
organizing development?
17. What is the difference between mosaic and regulative development? What type
of organisms has each?
18. What is a homeobox and how does it control the development of the parts
of an organism?
19. What structures are common to postgastrula vertebrate embryos? How does
this show that they may share ancestry?
20. What is an amniote and what is an amniotic egg. What are the four extraembryonic
membranes (amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac) and what does each do?
Be able to relate these membranes to developing embryos in an egg and in placental
organisms.
21. What are the similarities and the differences between monotremes, marsupials,
and placentals?
22. What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?
23. Know the derivative organs and structures from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.