Zoology Lab Exam 2 Review

(Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, Playhelminthes, Pseudocoelomates, Mollusca)

Protozoa

• Know the basic structures and functions of stuctures found in many of the protozoa studied in lab: pellicle, pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, food vacuole, contractile vacuole, nucleus.  Be able to identify these structures on diagrams, preserved slides, models, and charts.
• Know the classification of the protozoa by phylum and subphylum.
• Understand the general life history, significance, and be able to identify the following sarcodines: Amoeba proteus, Difflugia, Entamoeba histolytica, radiolarians, and foraminiferans using charts, photos, drawings, and slide preparations.
• Understand the general life history, significance, and be able to identify the following mastigophorans: Euglena, Paranema, Volvox, Ceratium (dinoflagellate), Trypanosoma, and symbiotic flagellates from the termite gut (Trichonympha) using charts, photos, drawings, and slide preparations.
• Be able to identify and give the function of the following mastigophoran structures: flagellum, chloroplasts, pellicle, stigma, nucleus, contractile vacuole.
• Be able to identify the daughter colonies of Volvox.
• Understand the general life history, significance, and be able to identify the following ciliophorans: Paramecium, Stentor, Euplotes, Dididium, and Vorticella using charts, photos, drawings,and slide preparations.
• Be able to identify and give the function of the following ciliophoran structures: cilia, pellicle, food vacuole, trichocysts, oral groove, contractile vacuole, macronucleus, micronucleus.
• Understand asexual (binary fission) and sexual (conjugation) reproduction in Paramecium.
• Be able to identify the ring stage of Plasmodium (malarial parasite) in red blood cells.
• Understand the life cycle of malaria.

 Porifera

• Understand the main characteristics of the Porifera as discussed in class.
• Know what types of cells are associated with sponges and what they do.
• Understand the significance of the choanocyte.
• Understand the skeletal makeup of sponges.  What is the difference between spongin and spicules?  What is the chemical composition of sponges?
• Know the three classes (Demospongiae, Calcarea, and Hexactinellida) of sponges discussed and what types of sponges are found in each.  What distinguishes each class?
• Know the three body types of sponges (ascon, sycon, and leucon)
• Know the flow of water through the canal system of sponges, especially the sycon type sponge.  What canal is lined with choanocytes in the syncon type?  What do the choanocytes line in an ascon type sponge, in a leucon type sponge?
• Be able to identify these cells and structures in sponges: choanocytes, pinacocytes, archaeocytes (amoebocytes), osculum, spongocoel, apopyle, excurrent canal, prosopyle, radial canal, ostium, gemmules.
• Be able to identify structures and functions using charts, drawings, slides, and preserved material.

Cnidaria

• Understand the tissue level of this group.
• What is diploblastic mean?  What is mesoglea?
• Understand polymophism and the difference between polyp and medusae stages.  What does "alternation of generation" mean in terms of polymorphism?
• What are distinguishing features (characteristics) of cnidarians?
• What are cnidocytes, nematocysts, and tentacles?
• Understand these terms: gastrovascular cavity, nerve net, radial symmetry, hypostome, mouth, stalk, foot, hydranth, gonangium, and perisarc, radial canal, circular canal, statocyst, gonads, oral arms, oral disc, pedal disc, gullet, complete and incomplete septae.
• Know the life cycle of Obelia and Aurelia.
• Know these stages: planula, scyphistoma, strobila, and ephyra larva.
• Know the three classes discussed in class (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa).
• Know what characteristics separate the above classes.
• Be able to determine the class of the organisms studied in lab (Hydra, Obelia, Physalia (Portuguese Man o War), Gonionemus, Aurelia, Polyorchis, Metridium (anemone), various corals.
• What is a sea pen?  What other cnidarians are colonial?
• Be able to identify and give functions of structures on charts, drawings, photos, slides, and preserved material.  Make sure you know the structures you are responsible for as checked off in lab.

Playhelminthes

• Understand what is meant by triplobalstic construction and bilateral.
• What three germ layers are found in platyhelminthes?
• What does acoelomate mean.
• Know classes of Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda.  What organisms are found in each class?
• What is a monogene?  What is a digene?
• Know what class contains these life cycle adaptations: free living, ectoparasitic, and endoparasitic.
• What are planaria, flukes, and tapeworms?
• Be able identify the internal and external anatomy and physiology of the specimens presented in lab, especially these structures: gastrovascular cavity, epidermis, longitudinal and circular muscles, pharynx, mouth, oral and ventral suckers, ciliated epithelium, ladder type nerve cords, penis, seminal vesicle, seminal receptacle, flame cell, protonephria, excretory system, auricles, yolk glands testes, ovary, vagina, scolex, immature proglottids, mature proglottids, gravid (ripe) proglottids, uterus, and vas deferens.  Be able to locate or identify these structures on drawings, slides, charts, and/or preserved material.
• Know these stages of flukes: adult, egg, miracidium, sporocyst, rediae, cercaria, and metacercariae.
• Know these stages of tapeworms: adult, egg, onchosphere larva, cysticercoid larva.
• Know the life cycle of a human liver fluke.
• Know the life cycle of the beef tapeworm and dog tapeworm as discussed in class.
• What are some adaptations to parasitism?
• How could you tell the difference between the ripe proglottids of the beef or pork tapeworm and Dipylidium caninum (the dog tapeworm).

Use your lab manual and notes presented in lab to help you study. Use your textbook as an aid, especially if drawings, tables, and photographs were pointed out in lab sessions.

Pseudocoelomate Animals

• Understand the meaning of pseudocoelomate and what characteristics are usually associated with psuedocoelomate animals.
• Know what representatives are in the four of the eight phyla listed as pseudocoelomates and know distinguishing characteristics.
• Understand the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides.
• Be able to identify and list a function of the structures assigned in lab in regards to the diagrams in the lab manual and the actual dissection. Don't forget the cross section slides of male and female Ascaris.
• Understand the life cycle of other nematodes seen in lab such as: Trichinella spiralis, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus (hookworms), and the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis.
• What disease does Trichinella cause?
• Be able to identify a hookworm, Trichinella, and the pinworm on prepared slides. What are the important structures you were asked to identify on these slides?
• Understand the general morphology and know the habitat of Caenorhabditis (soil nematode), and Anguillula aceti (vinegar eel). Which one of these is known as the research organism and what type of research is usually conducted on this worm? (omit in Fall 2001 section).
• Be able to identify a Rotifer and know the structures as assigned in lab.
• Be able to identify a horse hair worm to phylum. Understand its life cycle.
• Be able to identify an acanthocephalan (spiny-headed worm) and describe the similarities and differences to the nematoda.

Mollusca

• Understand the main characteristics of Mollusca as covered in lab.
• What does adaptive radiation mean and why is it applied to the Mollusca.
• Know the seven classes covered in lab and be able to identify specimens from Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
• Be able to identify the structures and name the functions of those structures assigned in class on the freshwater mussels. Know these structures using charts, model, drawings, and photographs, and actual dissections.
• What are glochidia? Be able to identify these on a prepared slide. Are these parasitic? If so, on what organism? (not seen on slide in Fall 2001 class, use picture in book).
• Understand the anatomy and physiology of the main systems of a typical mollusc such as the freshwater mussel. (study the structures listed on lab handout).
• Know the external anatomy of the garden snail (Helix), as assigned in lab.
• What is a radula?
• Know the external and internal anatomy of the squid as assigned in lab.
• What is a spermatophore? How do squid mate?
• What is a cecum and to what system does it belong?
• Does the squid have an open or a closed circulatory system? What is the circulation of blood in the squid? How many hearts does a squid have and where are they placed and what do they do specifically?
• What is an hectocotylus arm? What uses it and for what purpose?
• Be able to identify specimens of the mollusca as presented in lab down to class.