Know and understand the following:
Chapter 3: The Cell as the Unit of Life
Cell Theory
Cells as functional units of life
Structures (organelles) and functions
Cell Cycle, cell divisions (mitosis), the stages and characteristics
of each stage
Chapter 7: The Reproductive Process
Meiosis - stages, significance, similarities and differences
to mitosis
Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis/oogenesis - differences, similarities)
Significance of 1n/2n (haploid/diploid) in terms of divisions
of meiosis and fertilization to form a zygote
What is parthenogenesis?
Male and female reproductive systems (parts and functions)
Chapter 8: Principles of Development
Development of an embryo from fertilization through blastulation,
gastrulation, neurulation, and final stages of larval development
to adult.
Differences of the amount of yolk in an egg, the names used to
identify those eggs, and how the amount of yolk influences cleavage.
(terms such as isolecithal, mesolecithal, telolecithal, holoblastic,
and meroblastic)
Types of cleavage, especially the difference between radial and
spiral cleavage
Deuterostomes and protostomes
What are the three germs layers and what tissues and systems
(organs) are derived from them?
Chapter 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal
The hierarchy of life including cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, organism
What are the four general types of tissues?
Types of epithelial and connective tissues
The difference between no symmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral
symmetry.
The difference between types of coeloms
The difference between coelom development including schizocoelous
and enterocoelous
What is the tube-within-a-tube body plan?
Chapter 10: Classification and Phylogeny of Animals
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
What is binomial nomenclature and how is it properly used?
Definition of: phylogeny, homology, ancestral, and derived characters.
What is an outgroup? How and when is outgroup comparison used?
The difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic
The difference between evolutionary taxonomy and cladistic taxonomy
The difference between an evolutionary tree and a cladogram
What are the characteristics of the major kingdoms of life and
what kind of organisms is found in each?
Chapter 12: The Mesozoa and Parazoa
What are the metazoa?
What are the three major hypotheses for the origin of the metazoa?
What is a mesozoan?
How are sponges classified?
What are the cells and secreted materials that make up the sponge?
What are the three body forms of sponges?
What level of organization?
Chapter 13: The Radiate Animals
The Characteristics of the Cnidaria
The three major classes of cnidarians and representatives of
each (see classification sheet)
The body forms and general life history of the different types
of cnidarians including Hydra, Obelia, and Aurelia (medusa/polyp,
sexual/asexual, sessile/motile, single/colonial)
Chapter 14: The Acoelomate Animals
The characteristics of the flatworms
The classification of the flatworms (see classification sheet)
Level of body organization (triploblastic acoelomate)
General idea of the major systems (digestive, nervous, excretory,
and reproductive) and structures of flatworms
Life cycle of a fluke such as the human liver fluke and a tapeworm
such as the beef tapeworm
General structure of tapeworms
Chapter 15: The Psuedocoelomate Animals
General Characteristics of pseudocoelomates
Classification of pseudocoelomates and the major phyla discussed
in lecture (Rotifera, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, and Acanthocephala)
General systems of nematodes and rotifers and how they differ
form flatworms
Life cycle of Ascaris and hookworm.
Diseases of trichinosis and elephantiasis (filariasis) and what
causes each
Chapter 16: The Molluscs
General Characteristics of molluscs
Locomotion and feeding in the different groups of molluscs
General systems of molluscs and how they differ from previous
groups
Larval forms of marine bivalves, gastropods, and fresh water
bivalves
Classification of the molluscs (classes and examples - see classification
sheet handed out earlier in the semester)
Chapter 17: The Segmented Worms
General Characteristics of Annelida (three classes - see classification
sheet handed out earlier)
General Systems of Annelida and how they differ from previous
groups
Larval forms of each class of annelids
Feeding and locomotion in the different classes of the annelids.
Chapter 18: The Arthropods
General Characteristics of Arthropoda
The Classification of arthropods (subphyla and classes as covered
in class - see classification sheet handed out in class)
Why are arthropods successful?
What are trilobites?
What are the differences between chelicerate and mandibulate
arthropods?
What are the differences between aquatic and terrestrial mandibulates?
Chapter 19: Aquatic Mandibulates
General characteristics of crustaceans
General function of structures emphasized in class
The concept of paired and biramous appendages and how they have
been modified from the ancestral form to perform specialized functions
The main systems covered in class such as digestive, respiratory,
circulatory, excretory, and reproductive
The compound eye in structure and function
Generalized life cycle with emphasis on the egg, nauplius larva,
and adult stage
Ecdysis and its control by hormones from the X- and Y- organs
A basic survey of the crustacea including the Branchiopoda, Maxillipoda
(ostracods, copepods, and cirripedia) and Malacostraca.
The difference between amphipods, isopods, and decapods
Chapter 20: Terrestrial Mandibulates
The main classes such as Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Insecta
and examples of each
Different locomotion strategies with emphasis on flight including
the explanation of how different insects fly
The significance of the modifications of mouth parts in the different
insects (butterflies, fleas, mosquitos .etc.) and understanding
of the basic mouthparts of a grasshopper
The main systems of insects including digestive, respiratory,
excretory, and sense organs
The reproductive cycle of insects including the significance
of complete and incomplete metamorphosis
The significance of social behavior and the important types of
insects which practice this strategy
The interaction of insects with humans in terms of "good"
and "harmful" insects.
Chapter 22: Echinoderms and Hemichordates
Characteristics and contributions of the Ecnindodermata
Understand the structures and systems that were discussed in
class.
Know some of the unique terms such as pedicellaria, water vascular
system, madreporite, tube feet, etc.
Understand the significance of the bipinnaria larva and echinoderm
development in terms of their symmetry and position as deuterostomes.
Know the differences between the classes of echinoderms.
Understand how echinoderm characteristics have limited them in
their adaptive radiation.Understand where these phyla fit in relation to the
chordates.
Know the characteristics of a Chaetognath and what do we commonly
call one of these.
How does a chaetognath feed?
Know what a Hemichordate is and what are some important strucutures.
Understand how the acorn worm was mistaken for an early chordate
in regards to a mistaken notochord. What structure was mistaken
for the notochord?
What characteristics does the acorn worm have that are precursors
of the chordate plan?
Chapter 23: Chordates
What are the biological contributions of chordates?
Know four primary characteristics and how each structure functions.
Understand the ancestry and evolution of the chordates.
What echinoderm has some early chordate characteristics?
Know the structures of Urochordates and Cephalochordates.
What adaptations have guided vertebrate evolution?
Know the primary characteristics of vertebrates.
What evidence is there for a vertebrate ancestor?
What is the Garstang's Hypothesis and how does it relate to the
life cycle of Urochordates? What is a paedomorphic vertebrate
ancestor?
What is the ammocoetes larva and how does it show more advanved
vertebrate structures than Branchiostoma ("Amphioxus",
the cephalochordate).
What are the early vertebrate ostracoderms?
How did jaws evolve?
What were the earliest jawed fishes and which one probably lead
to the evolution of modern fishes and tetrapods?
What are the modern jawless fishes?
Thought Questions:
What is your favorite phylum?
Why is this your favorite phylum?
What are some examples of organisms in this phylum?
What is your favorite organism in your favorite phylum?
Why is this your favorite organism?