Botany Lecture Exam 1 Review

Introduction (Chapter 1)

1. Know the purpose of photosynthesis and its importantce in the development of life on earth.
2. Know how old the earth is and when first life appeared.
3. Know the development of living conditions on the earth and how life progressed from simple "cells" that were prokaryotic heterotrophs to complex autotrophic eukaryotic cells.
4. Understand the importance of photosynthesis in producing oxygen in the atmosphere and how that allowed life to advance in efficiency and complexity.
5. Know when the first photosynthesizing organisms developed (how long ago).
6. Understand what adaptations that allowed plants to invade the land.
7. Understand how agriculture and civilizations developed.
8. Understand concepts of populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. What are the major biomes on the earth and what are their characteristics?
9. Know what the different areas of study in biology are (list of courses given in lecture).

Cells

1. Understand the cell theory.
2. Who is Robert Hooke?
3. What contributions to the cell theory did Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make?
4. Know the differences and similarities of prokaryontic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Be able to identify, locate, and discuss the main characteristics of the cell structures presented in lecture. These include: the cell wall (primary, secondary, middles lamella,and plasmodesmata), plasma membrane, nucleus and associated parts, mitochondria, plastids (including chloroplasts, leukoplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts), vacuole, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi complex, cytoskeleton (including the types of tubes and fibers that compose it), flagella and cilia.
6. Understand and be able to discuss the development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
7. What is the endosymbiotic theory and what organelles are associated with this theory.
8. What is the association of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus in moving, packaging, and secrreting materials.
9. What are examples of ergastic substances?
10. What are the major differences between animal and plant cells?

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

1. Understand the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Know the difference between chromatin and chromosomes.
3. Understand how DNA replicates to form two identicle strands called sister chromatids in a chromosome.
4. Understand the difference between haploid and diploid.
5. Understand the cell cylce and its parts: Mitosis, G1, S, G2. What is interphase? What is G0?
6. Know the name, order, and characteristics of each phase in mitosis.
7. Understand what mitosis produces and when and where it is used.
8. Be able to define thses terms: centromere, cytokinesis, cell plate, spindle, chromatid, and chromosome.
9. Explain how a cell plate is formed and what it eventually produces. What is a phragmoplast and what does it do?
10. Understand approximately how long each phase is in relation to each other.

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

1. Understand the three typical life cycle patterns in respect to the difference between zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, and sporic meiosis.
2. Understand the relationship between haploid and diploid chromosome numbers and meiosis and fertilization.
3. Undestand the difference between a gametophyte and a sporophyte, and what is meant by "alternation of generations".
4. Understand what homologous chromosomes are and how they synapse during prophase I.
5. Understand the events that occur during crossing-over, and why this process is so important.
6. Be able to explain the main events that occur during meiosis I and meiosis II.  How is meiosis I different from meiosis II?
7. Be able to list and understand the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Photosynthesis

1. Understand the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
2. Know the general formula of photosynthesis and how each component relates to the light deptendent or light independent pathways.
3. Understand the importance of photosynthesis in terms of glucose and oxygen that is produced.
4. Understand the first and second laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to the reactions in photosynthesis.
5. Understand the physics of light in terms of what colors make up the visible spectrum and their wavelengths.
6. Know how the pigments are involved in the use of certain ranges of wavelengths and how this translates to what colors are absorbed and transmitted.
7. Know the structure of a leaf and how the cells for photosynthesis are arranged.
8. Understand the function of veins, stomata, palisade and spongy mesophyll, and epidermis.
9. Be able to diagram, label and discuss the light dependendent and light independent reactions. Know what is input and output for each reaction.
10. Understand the relationship of ADP, ATP, NADP+, and NADPH to the light dependent and light independent reactions.
11. Know what carbon fixation is and how it occurs.
12. Know the structure of a chloroplast.
13. Know where the light dependent and light independent reactions occur in the chloroplast.
14. Know the function of the chlorophylls.
15. Understand how antennae molecules and reaction center of the photosystems work.
16. Understand how electrons are transported in the light dependent reactions and how ATP is formed using ATP synthetase and H+ ions. (chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP). Know how this relates to the structure of a thylakoid (thylakoid membrane and sac).
17. Understand the relationship of PGA, PGAL, ATP, and NADPH and how this may lead to the prodcution of carbohydrate products such as glucose.
18. Understand what the relationship of RuBP and carbon fixation. What is photorespiration and what causes it?
19. What is C4 photosynthesis? How do CAM plants function?
20. What is the significance of C4 photosynthesis and the development of agriculture and civilizations in certain parts of the world?