C. ESTRELLA

• Understand the purpose of meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.
• Know the stages and characteristics in meiosis.
• Understand what is occurring with the chromosomes in meiosis.
• What is haploid, diploid, 1n, and 2n?

• Know the characteristics of the Domain: Bacteria. What is prokaryotic?
• Know the three basic shapes of bacteria.
• Understand what is involved in sterile technique and the preparation of slides and staining of bacteria to view under the microscope.
• Know what these three bacteria look like: Streptococcus, Bacillus, Rhodospirillum
• Know the structure of a bacterial cell in terms of: plasma membrane, chromatin bodies, ribosomes, mesosome, cytoplasm, cell wall.
• Know what a Petri-plate with nutrient agar is used for and how we test certain bacteria for sensitivity to antibiotics.
• Know what nitrogen fixation is and what type of bacterium is commonly associated with root nodules on certain plants to effect nitrogen fixation.
• Understand how we tested the possibility of enzyme production in bacteria using Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Why did we use iodine? How did you know when an enzyme (amylase) was produced to break down the starch? Why did we grow these bacteria on starch agar?
• What are cyanobacteria?
• Be able to identify these bacteria:
• Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Gleocapsa
• What is a heterocyst? Where is it found? What does it do?
• Identify ultrastructure of cyanobacteria including: mucilagenous sheath, cell wall, photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids), DNA region, ribosomes.

• Know the difference between the phyla Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota.
• Know what types of fungi are found in each of these divisions.
• What is the basis or criteria for placing fungi in their respective divisions?
• Do fungi have chlorophyll? Can they photosynthesize?
• Know these structures:
• hyphae, mycelium, spore, zygospore, ascopspore, basidiospore, sporangium.
• What are gametangia?
• What is the relationship between: ascus, ascocarp, ascospores; basidia, basidiocarp, basidiospores; sporangium, sporangiophore, spores; conidia, conidiophore, condidiospores.
• Which structures are 1n, n + n, 2n? What is the meaning of mating types i.e. + and - mating types?
• What is sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction? What structures are commonly used in sexual reproduction? What structures are commonly used in sexual reproduction?
• What are representative specimens that we studied in lab for Zygomycota? for Ascomycota? for Basdiomycota?
• What is the difference between bread mold, Morchella (morels), and mushrooms?
• What is the difference between Rhizopus (bread mold) and Pilobolus (shooting fungus)?
• What is the difference between yeast, Penicillium, Peziza, and Morchella?
• What is the difference between store bought mushrooms (Agaricus), puffballs, and rusts and smuts?
• What is the difference between Morchella and the common mushroom Coprinus? In what type of structures do each of these produce their sexual spores?
• Be able to label a diagram containing asci, and ascospores).
• Be able to label a diagram of a common mushroom.
• Rust: Puccinia (wheat rust): Know the difference in urediniospores  and teliospores . Which of these spores will produce basidiospores? What do urediniospores reinfect? Where are teliospores found? What do basidiospores infect?
• Know life general life cycles of: Zygomycota (Rhizopus), Ascomycota (Peziza), and Basidiomycota (mushroom) so that you can identify structures on slides, on diagrams, on photographs, and preserved and/or live specimens.
• What is a lichen?
• Know the three different growth forms of lichens and be able to classify a given lichen as to what type of growth form it has.
• Be able to identify algal and fungal components on a prepared slide of lichen.

• TOPIC 12: PROTISTA I: SLIME MOLDS, EUGLENOIDS,AND RED ALGAE
• Know the differences between, and if given an organism, be able to identify what phylum it belongs to.
• Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
• Dictyosteliomycota (cellular slime molds)
• Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
• Rhodophyta (red algae)

• What is cytoplasmic streaming in a plasmodial slime mold?
• Understand the structures (myxamoeba, slug, spore-bearing body) and life history of a cellular slime mold such as Dictyostelium.
• Be able to identify Euglena and know these structures on fig. 14-6: nucleus, chloroplasts, eye spot (stigma), flagellum, pellicle.
• Understand the life cycles of Physarum, Dictyostelium and Polysiphonia so that you would be able to identify structures and answer questions that pertain to the life cycle (meiosis, 1n, 2n, haploid, diploid, zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, sporic.

Topic 13 Protista II:  Heterokonts and Green Algae

1.  Know the the phyla (Oomycota, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta) and these examples:

Phylum: Oomycota

 Saprolegnia (the water mold)

Phylum: Bacilliariophyta

  diatoms

Phylum: Phaeophyta

 Laminaria, Macrocystis, Fucus, Sargassum

Phylum: Chlorophyta

  Class:  Chlorophyceae

  Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, Fritschiella

 

 Class: Ulvophyceae

  Ulothrix, Cladophora,Ulva, Codium

 

 Class:  Charophyceae

   Spirogyra, Chara

2.  Understand what a heterokont is and what phyla are considered heterokont phyla.

3.  Know the structures of the water mold Saprolegnia: hyphae, mycelium, sporangia, zoosporangia, oogonia, eggs, antheridia, oospores.  Understand which structures and haploid and diploid.

4.  Understand what makes the diatoms different than the other phyla.

5.  What is a pennate and a centric diatom and in what habitat would you most likely find each?

6.  What is the the overlapping cell walls of the diatom called?  What is it composed of?

7.  What is the difference between kelps and rockweeds?  Be able to identify examples and kelps and rockweeds.

8.  Know these structures of a kelp: holdfast, stipe, blade, air bladders.  If you cut the body of a kelp, what two layers most noticeable?

9.  Know the life cylce of Fucus?

10.  Know these structure of Fucus: receptacles, conceptacles, air bladders.  What is the function of air bladders?

11.  Understand what Sargassum is and what the name means.  What is the Sargasso sea?

12.  What is the Volvocine line and how does Chlamydomonas  and Volvox  fit into the scheme?  What are daughter colonies?

13.  Using the terms motile/nonmotile, unicellular/colonial, filamentous/parenchymatous, characterize the different green algae (example = Volvox  is a motile colonial form).

14.  Define:  isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous.

15.  What is intercalary growth?  What are annular scars?  Where do we (what alga) find these structures?

16.  Identify these structures:  conjugation tube, isogamete, zygote, zygospore.  Is a zygospore haploid or diploid?

17.  Identify the complex gametangia (an oogonium and an anteridium) on Chara.

18.  Identify Ulva.  What type of life cycle does Ulva have?  Be able to identify and classify Codium to class from the herbarium mount.

1. Zygomycota: Rhizopus - zygotic meiosis life cycle

2. Ascomycota: typical ascomycete - zygotic meiosis life cycle

3. Basidiomycota: life cycle of mushroom - zygotic meiosis life cycle

4.  Puccina graminis (wheat rust) as presented in lab handout.

5. Myxomycota: typical myxomycete - modified gametic meiosis life cycle

6. Phaeophyta: Fucus - gametic meiosis

7. Chlorophyta: Ulva - sporic (alternation of isomorphic generations)

8. Oomycota: Saprolegnia - gametic

Domain Bacteria
 

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Domain Eukarya
 

Kingdom Fungi

 

Phylum: Zygomycota

Phylum: Ascomycota

Phylum: Basidiomycota
 

Class: Basidiomycetes
 

Hymenomycetes

Gasteromycetes

Class: Teliomycetes

Class: Ustomycetes
 

Lichen

Mycorrhizae

Kingdom Protista

 

Phylum: Myxomycota

Phylum: Dictyosteliomycota

Phylum: Euglenophyta

Phylum: :Rhodophyta

Phylum: Oomycota

Phylum: Bacilliariophyta

Phylum: Phaeophyta

Phylum: Chlorophyta

Class: Chlorophyceae

Class: Ulvophyceae

Class: Charophyceae
 
 

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