C. Estrella

Botany 1

Lab Exam 1 Review

Topic 1: The Microscope

• Know the parts of a compound light microscope and dissecting scope and be able to give the function of each part.
• Understand what working distance and field of view is and how these are affected by different objectives.
• Understand depth of field and how to focus through an object.
• Be able to calculate a measurement of an object under low and high objectives. (What objectives are the low and high?)
• Understand the difference between visual field and field of view.
• Know the diameter of the low and high objective in millimeters and microns.
• Understand parfocal, resolution (resolving power), and total magnification.
• Be able to calculate the total magnification at all four objectives.
• Understand the relationship between numerical aperture (NA) and resolving power.

Topic 2: Introduction to the Vascular Plant Body

External Structure
 

• Understand what is included in the root system and the shoot system of a plant.
• Know the difference between primary and lateral roots.
• Know the difference between cotyledons and foliage leaves.
• Know the parts of a typical foliage leaf.
• Know the difference between a node and internode and what each includes.
• Know the function of these parts: root, stem, cotyledon, leaf, and flower.
• Be able to label the external parts of a diagram, drawing, photograph, or actual plant.

 
Internal Structure

• Know the three tissue systems and what tissues are included in each.
• Understand how to section and prepare a wet mount of a stem and/or root of a plant.
• Be able to label cross sections of stems and roots and understand the function of each labeled part.
• Be able to identify tissues of a stem an/or root under the microscope.
• Be able to distinguish between a root and a stem section under the microscope.

Topic 3: Introduction to the Eukaryotic Cell

• Know the parts and the function of those parts of a typical plant cell.
• Be able to identify parts of a cell from living tissue under a microscope, on a model, from a diagram, and/or a micrograph.
• Be very aware of the position of organelles in relation to the vacuole of a plant cell (especially the chloroplasts).
• Understand cytoplasmic streaming and what causes it.
• Understand the cell wall, middle lamella, and plasmodesmata.
• Know the difference between chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts.
• Know what amyloplasts are and the relationship with starch grains.
• Understand the different ways to "show" starch grains under a microscope including polarization and staining (what stain?).
• Know what type of cells was used to demonstrate certain organelles in lab. (for example epidermal cells demonstrated leucoplasts).
• Know where structures are found in a cell such as raphides in vacuoles, anthocyanin pigments in vacuoles, chlorophyll in chloroplasts, carotenoid pigments in chromoplasts.

Topic 5: The Movement of Substances into and out of Cells

• Understand the difference between chemical potential, water potential, osmotic potential, and pressure potential.
• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.
• Understand what a concentration gradient is and how it affects diffusion.
• Understand how a semipermeable membrane functions in osmosis.
• Understand the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and be able to predict the net flow of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane separating comparative solutions.
• Understand the difference between passive transport and active transport.
• Understand what Brownian movement is and what causes it.
• Be able to predict the movement of water in an osmometer and understand how the three potentials are related and affect each other.
• Be able to predict the movement of water into or out of bags of various concentrations set in either distilled water or tonic solutions.
• Understand plasmolysis how it affects an entire plant such as celery and a single cell such as Elodea.
• Understand how different solutions of water (such as tap water, and salt water) and distilled water affects a single cell.
• Understand imbibition and how osmosis can affect its rate.

TOPIC 7: Photosynthesis

• Know the chemical formula for photosynthesis. What organisms photosynthesize and what allows them to do so (what do they have that other organisms that can't photosynthesize don't have)?

Exercise I: Light and Its Absorption by Chlorophyll

• Understand pigments and their function in light absorption and photosynthesis.
• Know what colors are absorbed and transmitted by chlorophyll.
• How are the colors arranged on the color spectrum (order)?
• What color has the longest wavelength? Which the shortest?
• Understand how to use a spectroscope.

 
Exercise II: Separation of Chloroplast Pigments by Paper Chromatography
 

• What is chromatography and how does it work?
• What are the pigments and in what order are they found on the chromatography paper?
• What are factors involved in the separation of pigments by paper chromatography?

 
 
Exercise III: The Role of Light in Chlorophyll Synthesis
 

• What is the most obvious difference between seedlings grown in light and those without light?
• How do the dark grown seedlings survive without light?

Exercise IV: Studying the Light Reactions
 

• Understand what the relationship between energy capture and the following compounds: ADP, ATP, NADP+, and NADPH.
• Understand what gas is released by Elodea during photosynthesis. How may we verify this gas?

 
Exercise V: The Carbon-Fixation Reactions of Photosynthesis

• Understand how the light independent carbon fixing reactions take place and what is produced.
• What is the relationship between chlorophyll of the light reactions and starch storage? How is starch production/location demonstrated in a Coleus leaf?

 
Exercise VI: C3 Photosynthesis Versus C4 Photosynthesis
 

• What is the Calvin cycle used for? What are the differences between C3 and C4 plants. Do C4 plants also use the Calvin cycle to make carbohydrate?
• What cells are involved in C4 photosynthesis?
• What is CAM? How does it differ from C4 photosynthesis? How is it similar?
• What types of plants are C4 plants? What types are CAM plants?

• Understand the cell cycle and be able to explain what happens at each phase of the interphase portion of the cycle.
• Know the four phases of cell division and the characteristics of each.
• Be able to label the parts of an interphase cell, a prophase cell, a metaphase cell, an anaphase cell, and a telophase cell.
• Be able to identify onion root tip cells and each of the four stages of mitosis.
• Know the regions of a root tip.
• Know what the longest mitotic phase is and how it could be determined using a prepared slide of mitotic cells.
• Be able to identify cell division structures of electromicrographs of cells including : metaphase cell, telophase cell, chromosomes, cell plate and associated structures, newly formed sister (daughter) cells, Golgi body, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum.

  

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