REVIEW FOR EXAM #3

FALL 2008

Cell Division  Mitosis and Meiosis  (Chapter 8)

  1. Define diploid. Define haploid.
  2. What are the major features of mitosis and meiosis? Know how mitosis and meiosis is similar and where they differ in process.
  3. What are three important functions performed by cells undergoing mitosis?
  4. Know the cell cylce and the stages (M, G1, S, G2). What stages are considered interphase?
  5. During what part of interphase (the cell cycle) are the chromosomes duplicated?
  6. What are the stages of mitosis?
  7. What events occur during each of the following: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, & telophase
  8. What is cytokinesis? During what phsae does cytokinesis take place?
  9. Compare how chromosomes line up and split apart during metaphase and anaphase of mitosis
  10. Compare how chromosomes line up and split apart during metaphase I vs. metaphase II, and anaphase I vs. anaphase II. 
  11. What are the major features of meiosis?
  12. What are homologous chromosomes?
  13. What are the stages of meiosis? What happens in each stage of meiosis?
  14. What is crossing over? When does it occur in meiosis?
  15. Why is the first division of meiosis called the reduction division?
  16. When do the sister chromatids separate in meiosis?
  17. What is the outcome of sexual reproduction? (i.e. what is the result of meiosis and sexual reproduction?)
  18. If you have a parent cell with 4 chromosomes, after undergoing meiosis, the resulting cells will have _____number of chromosomes.

Observable Patterns of Inheritance (Chapter 9)

  1. Define the following terms: gene, allele, locus, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, parental generation (P), first-generation offspring (F1)
  2. Know how to complete a monohybrid cross. They will be on the test.
  3. Know how to set up and do a dihybrid cross.
  4. What is Mendel's Theory of Segregation?
  5. What is a testcross?
  6. What is Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment?
  7. Explain ABO blood groups in humans. What is the pattern of inheritance with ABO blood groups (be able to work a problem).
  8. What are the  sex chromosomes for males and females?
  9. What is meant by X-linked genes? Be able to make a cross with parents carrying X-linked diseases  i.e. colorblindness.
  10. Who is the father of genetics? What type of plant did he do his experiments with?

Evolution (Chapter 13 )

      1.  Who is given credit for natural selection (remember, it's not just Darwin)?

2.   Understand Darwin's theory on natural selection.

  1.  Why are variations within a population important?
  2. Define and understand evolutions and microevolution
  3. How does natural selection produce evolution in populations?
  4. How does mutation produce evolution in populations?
  5. What is  genetic drift? Is this more pronounced in small or large populations?
  6. List the evidence for evolution
  7. Does the fossil record show a complete picture of evolution?
  8. Know the biological species concept developed by Ernst Mayr. When does speciation occur?  What mechanisms specifically, contribute to genetic divergence in a population that may lead to speciation?
  9. What is artificial selection? Give an example.
  10. Be able to explain the large number of fruit fly species on the island of Hawaii (what term is used to describe the burst of divergence)?

How Biological Diversity Evolves (Chapter 14)

1. What is macroevolution and what processes does it include (creation of new species, etc.)
2. What is speciation and how does it occur?
3. What is branching and nonbranching evolution? Which on can produce new species?
4. Know the definition of a species as described by the "biological species concept".
5. Understand how reproductive barriers can produce new species.
6. vKnow the difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. How does allopatric speciation occur? How does sympatric speciation occur?
7. Understand how punctuated evolution is different that gradual evolution.
8. Understand how biological novelties (structures taking on new functions) can evolve by remodeling the old structures for new functioins (exaptation).
9. Understand how an evolutionary novelty can be produced by paedomorphosis (what does this term mean?)? Use the example of chimpanzees and humans.
10. What is a geological time scale? How is it used in science?
11. Understand how a fossil is formed and how it is used in understanding geological time and evolution. What is radiometric dating and how is it used?
12. What is plate tectonics and how could it have affected evolution?
13. What is extinction? What causes extinction? What is a mass extinction (give an example of one from the past earth's history).
14. How did the dinosaurs go extinct and what could have cuased their extinction? What is the evidence for a metor impact on earth?
15. What is taxonomy and how does science use it to classify organisms? How does science name a species? What are the rules for naming?
16. What is hierarchical classsification? Be able to list the classification from Domain to Species in order.
17. Understand what an evolutionary tree is and how does classification reflect the placement of an organism within the evolutionary tree (Phylogeny).
18. Understand the difference between homology and analogy. What is a homologous structure?
19. How is molecular biology used in figuring out the evolutionary classificatioin of an organism?
20. What is cladistics and how is it used in classifying organisms? How are characters used to build a cladogram (a cladistic tree).