Biology 1 Final Review Sheet

Spring 2008

 

The topics covered on the final exam include the following:

Review Material

Topics

Chapter

Introduction to Life on Earth-Scientific method

1

Atoms, Molecules, and Life on Earth 

2

Cell Membrane Structure/Osmosis & Diffusion

3

Cell Structure & Function

4

Energy Flow in the Cell/Photosynthesis

5

Harvesting Energy; Cellular Respiration

6

DNA

8

Gene Expression and Regulation

9

The Continuity of Life: How Cells Reproduce

10

Patterns of Inheritance

11

Principles of Evolution/How Populations Evolve

13 & 14

Diversity of Life (Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista)

16

 

 

 

 

New Material
Diversity of Life: Animal Diversity 16

Plant Form & Function

17

Homeostasis and Organization of the Animal Body

19

Circulation & Respiration

20

The Nervous System and the Senses

24

Population Growth & Community Interactions

27,28,29

 

Review Material

Ch. 1 Introduction to Life on Earth/Scientific Method

  1. List the steps of the scientific method.
  2. Know the difference between an experimental group and a control group
  3. Know the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.

 

Ch. 2 Atoms, Molecules & Life on Earth

1.     Define and know the difference between an atom, a molecule and a compound.

2.     What atoms make up living things?  

3.     Know the function of each in living things and list the Òbuilding blocksÓ for each: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids

4.     Know the characteristics of each of the following: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds.

Ch. 3, Diffusion/ Osmosis and the Plasma Membrane

                  1.   Define and understand diffusion and osmosis

2.     Understand the difference between a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell.  What effect does each solution have on a living cell (will it shrink or burst)?

Ch. 4 Cell Structure and Function

1.     How does a prokaryote differ from a eukaryote?

2.     List all organelles found in the eukaryotic and the prokaryotic cell. Describe the function of each organelle.

3.     List the tenets to the Cell Theory

Ch. 5, 6, Metabolism, Photosynthesis, and Respiration.

1.  What is an enzyme?

2.  What is activation energy? What effect do enzymes have on activation energy?

3.  Know the characteristics of enzymes.

4.  Know the products of the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis

5.     In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down during a series of chemical reactions: glycolysis, KrebÕs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Review these topics and know the following: 

                                               i.     How many ATP molecules are produced in each?

                                             ii.     Where does each take place in the cell?

                                            iii.     What are the end products for glycolysis?

                                            iv.     What is the role of oxygen?

                                             v.     What products are produced during the KrebÕs cycle?

                                            vi.     Define oxidation and reduction.

                                          vii.     Give an example of an electron carrier molecule.

Ch. 8 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

1.     What does the backbone of DNA consist of?

2.     What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA? What about RNA?

3.     Know the structure of DNA and the subunits found in the molecule.

4.     Practice base-pairing rules!

Ch. 9 Gene Expression & Regulation

    1. How are genes encoded into proteins? What are the subunits of proteins?
    2. Review the process of transcription and translation.

 

Ch. 10 Cell Division

1.     Know the process and end products of mitosis and meiosis.

2.     Know the proper sequence of mitosis and what is taking place during each phase of mitosis.

 

Ch. 11 Patterns of Inheritance

                  1.  Define the following: homozygous, heterozygous,  and alleles

2.     Practice monohybrid crosses; they will be on the final.

3.     Be able to describe genotypes and phenotypes of the parents and offspring of a cross.

Ch. 13 & 14 Evolution

1.     Understand DarwinÕs theory on natural selection. In terms of natural selection, why are variations within a population important?

2.     Define and understand microevolution

3.     How does natural selection produce evolution in populations?

4.     How does mutation produce evolution in populations?

5.     Know the biological species concept developed by Ernst Mayr. When does speciation occur?  What mechanisms specifically, contribute to genetic divergence in a population that may lead to speciation?

Origin of Life on Earth (Chapter 15)
1. Know what the Urey and Miller experiment. What did they use in their experiment and what did it test?
2. What molecule is hypothesized to be the first to store genetic information for life on earth.?
3. Know what the Endosymbiont theory is.
4. Why did cells develop organelles?
5. Why does cell size have a max limit?
6. What is hypothesized to be the first multicellular organism on earth?

Ch. 16 Diversity of Life:Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista

1.     Know the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2.     Know the general strucutre of a typical bacterial cell and their function.

 3. Know the three shapes of bacteria by name and an example of each including what names such as Streptococcus,Staphylococcus and Bacillus means.

4. Know some of the typical diseases caused by various bacteria.

5. Understand what an endospore and a capsule is, how it is made, and how they function.

6. Know what fungi are and give some examples.

7. What are some common diseases caused by fungi? What is yeast?

8. What are the Portista and especially the protozoa.

9. What are some diseases caused by the protozoa and what are their life cycles (hosts, modes of infection, etc.). What is a vector?

10. Where is malaria most prevalent in the world today?

 

New Material

 

Ch. 16 Diversity of Life: Animals

a.     What are the characteristics of kingdom Animalia?

b.     What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata?

c.     What are the characteristics of Subphylum Vertebrata?

d.     What are the characteristics of bony fishes? Amphibians? Reptiles? Birds? Mammals?

Ch. 17 Plant Structure and Function

1.     What are the three plant tissue systems?

2.     What is the main function of each? Be able to give examples.

3.     Know the difference between monocots and dicots

4.     Know the difference between lateral meristem and apical meristem

5.     List the function of the shoot and root system of a plant

6.     Explain the difference between primary growth and secondary growth

7.     What is cork cambium? What is vascular cambium? What does each produce?

Ch. 19 Animal Anatomy & Physiology

1.     What is the difference between a tissue, an organ, and an organ system?

2.     Where would you find epithelial tissue? What is the function of epithelial tissue.

3.     Where in the body would you find connective tissue?

4.     Know the characteristics of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle.

5.     Classify the following as epithelial, connective, nervous, or muscle tissue: 1. your skin; 2. bone; 3. blood; 5. fat; & 6. Cartilage

Ch. 20 Circulation

1.     What are the functions of the circulatory system?

2.     What is the function of blood? What is found in blood?

3.     What are platelets? What are erythrocytes? What are leukocytes?

4.     What is the difference between the pulmonary and system circuits?

5.     List the four chambers of the heart. Which chambers are largest?

6.     What side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood? What side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

7.     What type of blood vessel generally carries blood away from the heart? What type of blood vessel generally carries blood to the heart?

8.     How is the cardiac cycle controlled? What is the SA node? What is the AV node? What is systole? What is diastole?

9.     What are the different vessels of the circulatory system?

10.  What is blood pressure?

11.  What is the diffusion zone?

12.  What is the lymphatic system?What are some lymphoid organs?

13.  How is oxygen & carbon dioxide transported by the blood?

14.  Know the flow of blood through the heart.

 

CH. 20 Respiration

1.     What is the function of the respiratory system?

2.     Why are pressure gradients important to the human respiratory system?

3.     Where specifically does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

4.     What is forced air respiration?

5.     Why do birds have a more efficient respiratory system?

6.     Know the respiratory cycle; the process of inhalation and exhalation.

7.     Does the diaphragm contract or relax during inhalation? What about the intercostals muscles?

8.     Relate pressure gradients to respiration

9.     What is the control center of breathing?

10.  Know the passage of air flow starting with the nostrils and ending with the alveoli.

11.  How is oxygen transported in the blood?

12.  How is carbon dioxide transported in the lungs?  

Ch. 24 The Nervous System and the Senses

1.     What is a sensory system?

2.     What is the difference between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system?

3.     List the four senses

4.     Know each region of the brain discussed in class and the specific task it performs.

5.     What are the somatic sensations?

6.     Define and give an example for each of the following: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, & nocireceptors.

7.     Know the parts of the eye and their function.

8.     What are rods? What are cones?

9.     Know the parts of the ear and their function.

10.  What is the organ of Corti?

11.  What are the properties of sound?

12.  What is the path of sound through the various parts of the ear?

13.  What are the 5 primary sensations of taste?

 

Ch. 27, 28, 29 Ecology

    1. What is ecology?
    2. How is a population defined? What affects population size?
    3. Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth curves.
    4. Define and understand interactions between: biosphere, community, ecosystem, niche, and habitat.
    5. What is a symbiotic relationship? Give examples discussed in class.
    6. What is a primary, secondary, and tertiary consumer? Give examples for each.
    7. What is coevolution?
    8. Know the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph
    9. Give an example of a biogeochemical cycle