EXAM #2

REVIEW SHEET

CHAPTER 5

á      What is energy?

á      Define the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.

á      Know the difference between Exergonic and Endergonic reactions.

á      What is a coupled reaction?

á      Define activation energy. 

á      Know what catalysts are (what are the catalysts of a cell?), and what happens to them during a reaction.

á      What causes an enzyme to denature?

á      What is an electron carrier molecule? What is oxidation and reduction?

á      What is the main energy molecule of a cell?

CHAPTER 6

á      Where do carbon atoms in G3P come from, during photosynthesis?

á      Where does oxygen come from during photosynthesis?

á      Where does the light-dependent reaction occur and what happens during this reaction?

á      What do photosystems I and II produce?

á      Why does chlorophyll appear green?

á      What are xanthophylls (from lab on photosynthesis)?

á      When is glucose made during photosynthesis?

á      Define carbon fixation. Why is it critical to all life on earth?

á      What was used in lab to separate plant pigments?

CHAPTER 7

á      How many ATPÕs net are produced by aerobic cellular respiration (metabolism)?

á      Where does glycolysis occur?  The KrebÕs cycle?  The ETC (electron transport chain)?

á      What is produced during glycolysis?  The KrebÕs cycle?  The ETC?

á      What are the two types of fermentation?

á      What does our muscle produce when there is little or no oxygen?

á      How many ATPÕs are produced by the ETC for each molecule of NADH or FADH2?

á      What is the final electron acceptor?

CHAPTER 8

á      What are nucleotides, where are they found?

á      Know what bases are pyrimidines and which are purines.

á      What is the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure?

á      How does DNA replicate itself?

á      Know the function of each of the following enzymes: DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, ligase, helicase.

CHAPTER 9

á      What is the Central Dogma?

á      What is transcription? Translation?

á      Where do these take place in the cell?

á      How does RNA differ from DNA?

á      What is the genetic code?

á      Where are codons located?  Where are anticodons located?

á      If you are given a DNA sequence, know how to determine its complementary ÒsisterÓ strand and/or the mRNA strand made from it.

á      What roles do the following play in translation: mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids?

á      What is the correct sequence of events for translation?

á      What is a mutation?  Why are mutations important?